Effects Of Grape Pomace Supplementation In Diet On Nutrient Digestion,Blood Biochemical,and Intestinal Microorganisms In Dog

Grape pomace and its active substances play an important function in biology with potential development in functional feed additives.The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of grape pomace supplementation in diet on nutrient digestibility,serum biochemical,antioxidant capacity,intestinal microorganisms,and blood metabolites in dogs.Thirty-two healthy adult female Teddy dogs(2-3 years old)with similar body weight(5.22±0.27kg)were selected and randomly divided into four groups with 8 dogs in each group,each dog for one replicate.The supplementation of grape pomace in the control group was 0%,and the experimental groups(A,B,C)were fed with 1%,2%,4%grape pomace in the diet.The total experimental period was 45 days with 15 days pre-test period and 30 days test period.(1)Analysis of nutrient digestibility showed no significant effect of grape pomace diets on the digestibility of Ash,Ca and P(P>0.05).the digestibility of CP and EE was significantly higher in the AB group than in the control group(P<0.05),and there was no significant difference between the C group and the control group(P>0.05).(2)The analysis of serum biochemical and antioxidant indexes revealed that the TP levels were significantly higher in the test group than in the control group(P<0.05),the GLU levels were significantly higher in group C than in the control group(P<0.05);The T-AOC,GSH-Px and SOD enzyme activities were significantly higher in the test group than in the control group(P<0.05)and the CAT was significantly higher in group A than in the control group(P<0.05),there was no significant difference in the serum MDA levels of the dogs in each group(P>0.05).(3)Gut microbial analysis revealed that the observed species and simpson index were significantly higher in group A than in the control group(P<0.05).At the phylum level,the relative abundance of Firmicutes was significantly higher and the relative abundance of Fusobacteriota was significantly lower in group AB than in the control group(P<0.05),the relative abundance of Desulfobacterota was significantly higher(P<0.05)in group A than in the control group,and the relative abundance of Deferribacteres was significantly higher(P<0.05)in group C than in the control group.The relative abundance of Deferribacteres in group C was significantly higher than that in the control group(P<0.05).At the genus level,the relative abundance of Fusobacterium and Bacteroides was significantly lower and the relative abundance of Ligilactobacillus was significantly higher in group AB than in the control group(P<0.05).(4)Plasma metabolite analysis showed that different levels of grape pomace diets had a significant effect on dog plasma metabolites,and differential metabolite KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the differential metabolites involved were mainly LPC(14:0/0:0),20-HETE,cortisol,acylcanitine and T3,and were mainly enriched for cancer choline metabolism,arachidonic acid metabolism,pantothenic acid and CoA biosynthesis metabolic pathway.Enhanced energy metabolism,antiinflammatory and anti-cancer functions in dogsIn conclusion,grape pomace Supplementation in Diet can improve the digestion,immunity,antioxidant capacity and beneficially regulate the structure and number of microorganisms in the intestinal tract of dogs,and promote the anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer functions of the dogs.In this experiment,adding 1%-2%is beneficial.