Ultrastructure Of Wing Base Structure And Wing Coupling-apparatus Of Fulgoroidea(Hemiptera:Auchenorrhyncha)

The superfamily Fulgoroidea(Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha)comprises 21 extant families,in which 16 families are known in Chinese fauna.Menmbers in this superfamily are all phytophagous,causingserious economic lossesto agricultural and crops by sucking sap,laying eggs,secreting honeydew and transmission of plant viral diseases.However,the family-level phylogenetic relationships of Fulgoroidea is still highly controversial,the relationships among some families remain unclear so far,more attemps should be done to solve the problems.In this study,the morphological characters of the forewing base structure and the ultrastructure of wing-coupling apparatus of 13 representative species in 13 families of Fulgoroidea in China were studied,by using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy,upon which toreconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of the superfamily Fulgoroidea.The results are as follws:1.The forewing base structure of the representative species of each family of the Fulgoroidea are composed of the tegula,humeral plate,basiradiale,the first,second,third axillary sclerites,proximal median plate,distal median plate,anterior notal wing process,median notal wing process,posterior notal wing process and the mesothoracic axillary cord.Differences among the families mainly include the shape,size,ossification degree of each structure and the connection way between each structure,the presence or absence of the humeral plate,proximal median plate,distal median plate,and whether the posterior notal wing process extends out of slender sclerite.The shape and size of the tegula vary considerably in each family,which is the most obvious distinguishing feature among the families of Fulgoroidea.2.The ultrastructure of the wing-coupling hind folds of the Fulgoroidea mainly consist of longitudinal folds,trichoid sensilla,wing-coupling accessory microsculptures and longitudinal rows of shoves,the differences among the families are obviously,mainly in the denseness of the posterior fold surface folds,the presence or absence of trichoid sensilla,the distribution of wing-coupling accessory microsculptures and the number of longitudinal rows of shoves.3.The phylogenetic relationships based on the forewing base structure and the ultrastructure of the wing-coupling hind fold was constructed,the results support the monophyly of Fulgoroidea,and supports the sister relationships of the familes as follows: Kinnaridae and Meenopliidae,Cae and Delphacidae,Issidae and Derbidae,Lophopidae and Eurybrachidae,Dictyophacidae and Fulgoridae,Flatidae and Ricaniidae.The families Tropiduchidae,Lophopidae and Eurybrachidae are clustered as [Tropiduchidae +(Lophopidae + Eurybrachidae)];the familes Ricaniidae,Flatidae and Nogodinidae,are clustered as [Nogodinidae +(Flatidae + Ricaniidae)].This study can provided important information for the phylogenetic relationships of familes in Fulgoroidea and delimination of morphological characters among them,and also the assignment of included taxa of the families.