Morphological Study Of Coccidae(Hemiptera:Coccoidea) Based On Ultrastructure

The Coccidae or soft scale insects(Hemiptera: Coccoidea)constitute the third largest family in the Coccoidea,after the families Diaspididae and Pseudococcidae.They are well–known as important pests of horticultural,agroforestry and ornamental plants in China or even around the world.Soft scales have many different types of wax glands which can produce various wax secretions.These wax secretions are known to provide protections against the insecticide and hard climate.We studied on the ultrastructure of different species and different stages of 18 species from 3 subfamilies 8 genera by optical electron microscope,scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope,including Ceroplates japonicas Green,1921,Ceroplates ceriferus Fabricius,1798,Ceroplates pseudoceriferus Green,1935,Ceroplates rubens Maskell,1893,Coccus elatensis Ben–Dov,1981,Coccus longulus Douglas,1887,Coccus virdis Green,1889,Pulvinaria decorata Borchsenius,1957 rec.nov.Pulvinaria psidii Maskell,1893,Pulvinaria okitsuensis Kuwana,1914,Pulvinaria cercis sp.nov.Leptopulvinaria menglaensis sp.nov.Protopulvinaria fukayai Kuwana,1909,Saisseti coffeae Walker,1852,Saisseti puerensis sp.nov.Kilifia acuminate Signoret,1873,Kilifia deltoides De Lotto,1965,Rhodococcus spiraeae Borchsenius,1949.There are two new species,a new country record,a new country record genus with one new species in this study.The main research achievements are as following:(1)We studied on the ultrastructure of the wax glands of different species during different stages to find the taxonomic value of wax glands in soft scales.We separated the spiracular disc–pores and pregenital disc–pores into several different types,there are four types of spiracular disc–pores,slightly convex or concave,a deep–sunken central pit which is round–shaped,a remarkable and deep–sunken central pit which is pentagonal,an open type which can produce wax,and there are five types of pregenital disc–pores,dome– or bulb–shaped,tongue–shaped,vertical tongue–shaped,mushroom–shaped and without any slit–like central loculus;the spiracular disc–pores and pregenital disc–pores are varied and they possess taxonomic value in different genera or even the same genus.Dorsal multilocular pores of genus Ceroplates are varied during different stages,and they have taxonomic value in this genus.(2)We talked about the wax secretions of different species and different wax glands,these wax secretions are various secreted by different wax glands during different stages,wax secretion C–shaped in cross–section always produced by spiracular disc–pores and pregenital disc–pores.Wax filaments with a hollow structure always produced by external orifices of tubular ducts,we found that they can be secreted by the central locuous of spiracular disc–pores in C.rubens.Cruciform pores of genus Ceroplates can secrete wet wax on 3rd instar,but they can produce dry wax filaments on adult females.(3)We studied on the spiracular disc–pores and pregenital disc–pores by scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope.These facts in this study may support the view that the two types of pores may have a common origin and have a very different evolutionary process.The species which possesses the remarkable differences in appearance of the 2 kinds of disc–pores may have a high degree evolution.(4)We set a phylogenetic tree of these 18 Coccidae species based on the morphology data to analyze their phylogeny.Coccidae is accepted as a monophyletic taxon.