The Effects Of Peach Gum Polysaccharides On Blood Glucose Regulation And Gut Microbiota In Diabetic Mice

This study aims to investigate the effects of peach gum polysaccharides on blood glucose regulation and gut microbiota in diabetic mice.The study involved the extraction,purification,and structural characterization of the polysaccharides.An ICR male mouse model of type 2 diabetes was established to evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of peach gum polysaccharides intervention.The study also analyzed changes in short-chain fatty acids in the mouse intestine using GC and explored the impact of peach gum polysaccharides on the gut microbiota of diabetic mice.By examining the relationship between gut microbiota,short-chain fatty acids,blood glucose,and blood lipid indicators,this study aimed to uncover the possible mechanism of hypoglycemic effect of peach gum polysaccharides..The main parts of this study are discussed in the following sections.(1)Peach gum polysaccharides were extracted using hot water and precipitated with ethanol.The Sevage method was employed to eliminate proteins from the polysaccharides,followed by dialysis to eliminate small molecules for further purification.The sugar content of peach gum polysaccharides was measured as 95.48%using the phenol-sulfuric acid method.Liquid chromatography analyses revealed that peach gum polysaccharides were composed of four monosaccharides:arabinose,galactose,xylose,and glucose,with mass fractions of 50.5%,19.2%,7.17%,and2.7%,respectively.Revised:The weight-average molecular weight of peach gum polysaccharides was determined using High-performance Gel Permeation Chromatographyto assess its high-performance characteristics:Mw=4.784×10~6(±1.187%),which accounted for 67.7%of the total,followed by Mw=6.949×10~5(±1.321%),accounting for 30.1%,while Mw=9.428×10~5(±1.336%)was the smallest,accounting for only 2.2%.Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet spectroscopy were used to analyze the purified peach gum polysaccharides,which showed the polysaccharides have pyranoses that exist in most of common plant polysaccharide structural groups and hardly have proteins or nucleic acids.Thus,it has high purity.(2)During the animal experiment,a T2DM mouse model was successfully established,characterized by higher intake of water and food,weight loss,and lethargy.Due to damage to pancreatic cells,the mice’s ability to regulate blood sugar was weakened,leading to elevated fasting blood sugar levels and impaired glucose tolerance.After 6 weeks of intervention,the peach gum polysaccharide group showed a significant decrease in blood sugar levels in T2DM mice(p<0.01).The OGTT experiment also showed the protective effect of peach gum polysaccharides.After intervention with peach gum polysaccharides,the blood sugar level of mice significantly decreased 30 minutes after oral glucose(p<0.01),with the PC group showing the best hypoglycemic effect,followed by the HDG group.The insulin levels in diabetic mice were elevated,and ICR mice developed insulin resistance.Peach gum polysaccharide intervention significantly reduced insulin resistance in T2DM mice(p<0.01),enhanced insulin sensitivity,and accelerated glucose metabolism.After intervention with peach gum polysaccharides and metformin,the body condition of T2DM mice improved,with varying degrees of reduction in food and water consumption and weight gain.Peach gum polysaccharides also improved dyslipidemia by significantly reducing the concentrations of TC,TG,and LDL-c in the serum(p<0.01)and increasing HDL-c levels(p<0.05).Histopathological examination of the pancreas and liver tissues of mice showed that peach gum polysaccharides at different doses significantly improved irregular morphology,degeneration,atrophy,necrosis,and vacuolization of pancreatic cells,in which the PC and HDG groups enjoy the best repair.In contrast,NC group mice showed hepatic steatosis with interstitial vacuoles.After intervention with different doses of peach gum polysaccharides and metformin,the number of liver lesions declined in the PC,HDG,and MDG groups,but a small amount of lipid droplets could still be observed in the tissue sections of the MDG and LDG groups.(3)The study showed that intervention with peach gum polysaccharides significantly increased the content of total short-chain fatty acids(p<0.01).Compared to the NC group,both metformin treatment and peach gum polysaccharide intervention increased the concentrations of acetic acid,propionic acid,butyric acid,isobutyric acid,valeric acid,and isovaleric acid in the feces of the PC group and peach gum polysaccharide group mice to varying degrees(p<0.01,p<0.05).This suggests that peach gum polysaccharides have an impact on the content of short-chain fatty acids in the mouse intestine,and the dosage also has a certain effect.At the OTU level,alpha and beta diversity analyses were performed on the intestinal microbial communities of six experimental groups of mice.The results showed that peach gum polysaccharide and metformin interventions significantly increased the diversity of the gut microbiota in T2DM mice,and the HDG group had the most significant effect among the three doses.When analyzing the structure of the mouse intestinal microbial community at the phylum and genus levels,it was found that compared with the BC group,the abundance of Bacteroidota,Patescibacteria,Actinobacteria,Desulfobacterota,and Cyanobacteria in the NC group samples decreased,while the abundance of Proteobacteria,Acidobacteriota,and Chloroflexi increased.This study conducted an experiment that demonstrated the significant impact of peach gum polysaccharides on the gut microbiota of diabetic mice.The results revealed that the polysaccharides positively increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacterial phyla,including Bacteroidota,Patescibacteria,Actinobacteria,Desulfobacterota,Cyanobacteria,among others(p<0.01).The intervention also led to a decrease in the relative abundance of harmful bacterial phyla such as Proteobacteria and harmful bacterial genera such as Ralstonia(p<0.01),effectively improving the composition of gut microbiota.Moreover,the positive changes observed in the gut microbiota were found to alleviate T2DM symptoms in mice and showed a certain dose-dependent effect.(4)This study found that beneficial bacteria such as Lachnoclostridium,Lachnospiraceae,and Alistipes were positively correlated with SCAFs,weight,and HDL-c(p<0.01),while harmful bacterial genera such as Ralstonia and Methylobacteriumwere positively correlated with FBG,Insulin,HOMA-IR,TC,TG,and LDL-c(p<0.01).By affecting gut microbiota,increasing the abundance of beneficial bacterial genera such as Lachnoclostridium and decreasing the abundance of harmful bacterial genera such as Ralstonia.Peach gum polysaccharides can increase the level of SCFAs,regulate metabolic circulation,and affect indicators such as blood sugar,weight,TC,TG,HDL-c,LDL-c,insulin levels,and insulin resistance.As a result,peach gum polysaccharides can improve metabolic disorders and relieve diabetes and its complications.