| Land and energy play key roles in coal-based cities where the extensive exploitation and use of coal resources have resulted in resource abuse and serious pollution.The sustainable development of coal-based city faces great challenge.Here,we combine life cycle assessment and substance flow analysis integrated nexus theory to establish a new model for coal life-cycle analysis embedded with land-energy nexus.The model is divided into two layers,including the life-cycle layer of coal(direct consumption)and land-energy nexus layer(indirect consumption).Then we firstly apply the model to analyze land use and energy consumption of Huainan City which is a typical coal-based city in China from 1990-2020.The key parameters identified through sensitivity analysis.Three scenarios are designed by adjusting and reorganizing key parameters,which is divided into Business as Usual(BAU),Low-efficiency Development(LD)and High-efficiency Development(HD).The results are as following.(Ⅰ)The unit land use had been generally decreased from 11.33 ha/GWh in 1990 to7.20 ha/GWh in 2020.The unit energy consumption decreased from 474.08 tce/GWh in1990 to 320.52 tce/GWh in 2020.However,the total land use and the total energy consumption in Huainan city increased to 4.80×10~5ha and 2.14×10~7tce,respectively.They are increased by 365.12%and 394.6%,respectively.Especially in 2005-2010,both are in a rapid increase stage.(Ⅱ)Throughout the coal life-cycle,the product utilization stage contributed the largest land use and the largest energy consumption,accounting for 74.97%-84.58%of total land use and 90.39%-95.67%of total energy consumption,respectively.The second stage is the coal mining,accounting for 15%-25%and 4%-9%of the total land use and energy consumption,respectively.(Ⅲ)In the product utilization stage,among the eight industrial sectors in Huainan,the mining industry consumed the largest electricity in 2006-2018,and began to decline in 2014.Then manufacturing contributed the largest electricity consumption in 2020.The secondary industry includes mining,manufacturing and electricity,gas and water production and supply industry,contributing 59%-82%of the total electricity consumption.In addition,with the development of service industry in Huainan,the land use and energy consumption of service industry is also growing,from 5%in 2006 to 17%in 2020.(Ⅳ)The indirect land use and the indirect energy consumption accounted for82.88%-88.22%and 0.24%-0.36%of the coal life-cycle,respectively.(Ⅴ)The three key parameters identified through sensitivity analysis are raw coal production,net coal consumption rate for fossil-fired power plant,and Land used per unit energy.Three scenarios are designed by adjusting and reorganizing key parameters.Then we find that by 2030,High-efficiency Development(HD)scenario will reduce land use and energy consumption by 12%and 9%compared with Business as Usual(BAU)scenario,and reduce by 20%and 14%compared with Low-efficiency Development(LD)scenario,respectively.Based on the above analysis,we put forward policy recommendations.(ⅰ)Optimizing the energy structure and increasing the demand for alternative energy.(ⅱ)Popularizing technology to reduce net coal consumption rate for fossil-fired power plant.(ⅲ)Controlling the land used per unit energy and implementing a safe,efficient,and green mining.This study analyzes the land use and energy consumption from the perspective of land-energy nexus,which expands the accounting method of resource consumption for coal-based cities.Moreover,this study applies the model on the coal-based city,hoping to provide references to improve the resources use efficiencies for other coal-based cities in China.Figure 12;Table 8;Reference 128... |
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