MXene/CNT Based Two-Layer Film For Icing Detection,Anti-Icing,and Deicing

Ice accumulation is an inevitable phenomenon in the natural environment.Ice on the surface of aircraft can seriously affect the aerodynamic shape of aircraft,increase flight resistance,reduce engine power,and pose a serious threat to flight safety.In recent years,ice detection technology and environmentally friendly anti-icing/deicing technology have gradually become the focus of aircraft icing protection strategies.Integrating ice detection,anti icing,and deicing on aircraft surfaces can effectively reduce aircraft weight and improve aircraft icing protection efficiency,which is a promising and challenging research direction.Based on excellent conductive networks of two-dimensional transition metal carbides（MXene）and silver nanowires（Ag NW）,and excellent photothermal conversion of carbon nanotubes（CNTs）,a film integrating surface microstructure anti-icing,electrical/photothermal deicing,and sensing ice detection functions is prepared in this thesis.The specific research contents are as follows:1.Ag NW/CNT bilayer films were prepared by vacuum filtration method,using PDMS as a flexible substrate for the film,and the CNT layer of the film was superhydrophobically treated with stearic acid.The hydrophobic,electrothermal/photothermal,and sensing properties of Ag NW/CNT films were studied.The test results show that:（1）The contact angles of C₀A_0.02,C_0.01A_0.02,C_0.02A_0.02,C_0.03A_0.02,and C_0.04A_0.02 are 108.5°,141.2°,136.5°,128.1°,and 122°,respectively.The contact angle of the film surface first increases and then decreases with the increase of CNT.The surface hydrophobicity of the film can be further improved by stearic acid treatment.Among them,SC_0.01A_0.02 has a surface contact angle of 153.2°and a sliding angle of 6.2°,which has good superhydrophobic performance.（2）The photothermal equilibrium temperature on the surface of the thin film gradually increases and tends to stabilize with the increase of the amount of CNT added.Under near-infrared radiation of 100 m W/cm²,the equilibrium temperatures of the film surfaces of SC_0.01A_0.02,SC_0.02A_0.02,SC_0.03A_0.02,and SC_0.04A_0.02 are 52℃,56℃,66℃,and 68℃,respectively.Under near-infrared irradiation with an intensity of 300 m W/cm2,the equilibrium temperatures on the surface of SC_0.01A_0.02 can reach 94℃,respectively.（3）With the increase of the amount of Ag NW added,the film resistance gradually decreases.The resistance values of SC_0.01A₀,SC_0.01A_0.01,SC_0.01A_0.02,and SC_0.01A_0.03 are 516.6Ω,86.4Ω,11.8Ω,and 1.2Ω,respectively.Under a voltage of 6V,the surface electrothermal equilibrium temperature of SC_0.01A_0.02 film can reach 166.2℃.（4）Strain sensing tests show that the sensitivity of SC_0.01A_0.03 thin film is 83.33 and 217.68 in the strain range of 0 to 10%and 10 to 20%,respectively.After 100 strain cycles,the film still exhibits a good strain resistance response.2.In order to solve the problems of poor superhydrophobic mechanical stability and low sensitivity of Ag NW/CNT thin films,MXene/CNT double layer films were prepared by hydrophobic surface microstructure treatment.The results show that:（1）The surface of the microstructure has the effect of improving the hydrophobic properties of the film.The contact angles of water droplets on the surface of the microstructure treated with pure PDMS and 500#,800#,1000#,and 2000#sandpaper are 112°,119°,124°,and 128°,respectively.At the same time,the surface treated with the microstructure has high mechanical stability.Through a5g sand erosion test model,it is shown that the surface microstructure still remains after 7 times of sand erosion.In addition,the film surface has a significant ability to delay ice formation due to the effect of air holes wrapped in the surface microstructure.The ice formation time of 100u L of water droplets on glass,pure PDMS,and microstructure film surfaces is 523s,827s,and1425s,respectively.（2）Under near-infrared irradiation of 100 m W/cm²,2200 m W/cm²,and300 m W/cm²,the surface equilibrium temperatures of the thin film can reach 60.3℃,85.5℃,and 121.7℃,respectively.During the photothermal deicing process,0.5g of ice accumulated on the surface is melted under an irradiation intensity of 200m W/cm² for 311s.（3）The electrothermal test results show that the equilibrium temperature of the film surface reaches25℃,28℃,45℃,68℃,and 89.3℃at input voltages of 0.5V,1V,1.5V,2V,and 2.5V,respectively.At the same time,0.5g of ice accumulated on the surface of the film is melted under a voltage of 2.5V for 256s.（4）The force sensing test of the thin film shows that the sensitivity of the thin film is 532,2933 and 15053 at strains of 0-1.5%,1.5%-3%,and 3%-5%,respectively.At the same time,during 100 cycles of 3%alternating strain,the film exhibits excellent sensing stability,and its excellent force sensing performance enables the film to detect ice formation.The film exhibits different resistance responses during the cooling stage,phase transition stage,and ice crystal stage of the surface icing process.By judging the characteristics and changes of the film resistance,it is possible to monitor the surface icing phenomenon in real time.3.Completed the three-dimensional modeling of MXene/CNT double-layer thin films through Solid Works,and conducted electrical/photothermal simulation calculations on the thin films using ANSYS workbench.The calculation results show that the equilibrium temperatures of MXene/CNT thin films at the corresponding energy density of 2.5V or 300 m W/cm² are85.1℃and 121.5℃,respectively,which have a high degree of agreement with experimental test results.The thermal response simulation analysis of aluminum plates coated with MXene/CNT thin films shows that under the corresponding energy densities of 90.58 W/cm³and 25 W/cm³ for electric heating and photoheating,the equilibrium temperatures on the surface of aluminum plates are 52.2℃and 72.3℃,respectively,with good thermal response capabilities.In the simulation calculation of Fluent simulated deicing,under the energy density corresponding to electric or photothermal heating alone,the 1mm ice layer on the surface of the aluminum plate achieved complete melting after 256s and 162s,respectively.