Pollution And Ecological Risk Assessment Of PPCPs In Surface Water Of Jiangsu Province

Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products(PPCPs)are a new class of emerging organic pollutants,including a wide range of drugs used to treat and prevent human and animal diseases,as well as organic compounds and care products and industrial products.Due to the continuous expansion of the production,use and emission of these compounds,they show"pseudo-persistent"pollution in the environment.A large number of studies have shown that PPCPs widely exist in various waters.Residual PPCPs not only cause pollution in water,but also may cause potential hazards to aquatic organisms.Jiangsu Province is located in the Yangtze River Delta,with one of the regions with the fastest economic development,the highest degree of openness,the strongest development vitality and the highest level of urbanization in China.The discharge of industrial,agricultural and domestic sewage seriously affects the ecological environment in surface water.However,there is no systematic study on the surface water of the whole basin in Jiangsu Province.It is of great significance to carry out the screening of PPCPs for ecological protection and environmental management.This study combined the"Surface Water(Environment)Functional Zoning of Jiangsu Province"(Su Shuizi[2002]No.49)issued by the Jiangsu Provincial Department of Ecology and Environment and the actual water in the Baidu satellite map.203 samples were placed in surface water of Jiangsu Province.Surface water was collected by passive sampling,the target compounds were identified by LC-MS,and the pollution and spatial distribution characteristics were analyzed.Finally,the toxicity data was collected through literature research,then a tiered assessment was assessed the ecological risk of the target compounds.The results are as follows:(1)A total of 169 compounds were detected in surface water of Jiangsu Province,including74 drugs,5 personal care products,47 pesticides,4 endocrine disruptors,12 industrial raw materials,10 food additives,5 plant extracts,and 10 contraband drugs,3 other compounds.The total concentration range of∑PPCPs was 59.1-4.84×10~4 ng/L.The concentration of each class of drugs was ranked as antihypertensive drugs(17.0-718 ng/L)>antidiabetic drugs(0.230-665ng/L)>nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs(0.129-644 ng/L)>hormone drugs(0.289-408ng/L)>psychotropic drugs(0.675-268 ng/L)>personal care products(2.55-284 ng/L)>antibiotics drugs(0.0227-60.7 ng/L)>other drugs(0.620-51.4 ng/L).(2)The spatial distribution of the average concentration of∑PPCPs showed that the pollution of surface water in northern Jiangsu(Yishu-Si and Huaihe River Systems)is more serious than that in southern Jiangsu(Yangtze River and Taihu System).The concentration of each river system was ranked as Yishu-Si River Syetem(3.90×10~3 ng/L)>Huai River Syetem(3.51×10~3 ng/L)>Yangtze River Syetem(2.69×10~3 ng/L)>Taihu Syetem(2.47×10~3 ng/L).Combining the population density and per capita GDP of each administrative region in Jiangsu Province,it was found that the higher the level of urbanization,the lower the concentration of pollutants in surface water.Therefore,it is necessary to strengthen the supervision of wastewater discharge in northern Jiangsu,such as Lianyungang,Xuzhou,Huai’an,and Yancheng.(3)A tiered risk assessment of PPCPs showed that in tiered 1 risk assessment-risk quotient,diclofenac,irbesartan,labetalol,corticosterone and hydrocortisone were at high risk;ibuprofen,carbamazepine,venlafaxine,cotinine,amitriptyline,progesterone and octocrylene were at moderate risk;clindamycin,sulpiride,citalopram,telmisartan,amitriptyline,oxybenzone were at low risk;others were at no risk.The higher-level risk assessments were carried out for compounds with high or medium risk:tiered 2 risk assessment-potential affected fraction,tiered 3 risk assessment-margin of safety,tiered 4 risk assessment-joint probability curve.The consistent assessment result was diclofenac,ibuprofen,carbamazepine and oxyclinline posed a relatively high risk to aquatic system.The comprehensive four-level assessment showed that these four drugs were the focus of attention,because they were ubiquitous pollutants in th water and were widely used.It is necessary to strengthen the supervision of these four drugs and the improvement of sewage treatment plant processes.