| β-Carotene is one of the natural pigments and important carotenoids ubiquitous in nature,which is red,yellow or orange-red in color.In the food industry,it is mainly used in colorants,nutritional supplements and health food.However,β-carotene is insoluble in water and easily degraded by oxidation,which limits the application in the food industry.It is often embedded in nutrient carriers to improve the stability and bioavailability,so as to facilitate the application ofβ-carotene in the food industry.Soybean meal is a by-product of soybean oil extraction and still has great nutritional value.Nano defatted soybean meal particles（n DSP）is a nanometer defatted soybean meal particles obtained by physical grinding of defatted soybean meal,which has no toxic and side effects on the human body,and has been used for wet delivery ofβ-carotene.The nutrient delivery system prepared by the wet carrier technology is in a liquid state,which is not conducive to processing,transportation and storage,and the cost of preparing it into dry powder is high.Therefore,in this paper,β-carotene was loaded into nano-soybean meal by grinding,and the dry-loading ofβ-carotene in nano-soybean meal was realized.After the characterization of the delivery system,theβ-carotene nano-soybean meal dry delivery system factory with an annual output of 200 tons was designed.1.First,nano-soybean meal with different particle sizes was prepared,and then the dry loading system of nano-soybean meal carryingβ-carotene for 10 min and 30min was constructed respectively（10 minβc-n DSP and 30 minβc-n DSP）,which were selected the nano-soybean meal that had been ball-milled for 3 h andβ-carotene according to the ratio of 3:1（w/w）,milling for 10 min and 30 min respectively,under certain ball milling conditions.Hereafter,the dry delivery systems were characterized.The results showed that the loading efficiency of the dry loading systems were greater than 75%;the potentials（ζ）of n DSP,10 minβc-n DSP and 30 minβc-n DSP were-14.84±0.52,-15.53±0.54 and-15.20±0.86,respectively,which were all negatively charged and no significant change in potential before and after loading.The particle sizes（PS）of n DSP,10 minβc-n DSP and 30 minβc-n DSP were 665.44±40.01 nm,894.26±96.65 nm and 829.66±28.98 nm,respectively,and the polydispersity indexs（PDI）of n DSP,10 minβc-n DSP and 30 minβc-n DSP were0.34±0.03,0.42±0.04 and 0.43±0.03,respectively,indicating that the particle size and polydispersity indexs increased significantly（P<0.05）,after the nano-soybean meal was dry loaded withβ-carotene.Infrared spectrometer（FT-IR）detection found thatβ-carotene and nano soybean meal were combined by hydrogen bond in the delivery system.The cumulative release rate of freeβ-carotene 10 minβc-n DSP and30 minβc-n DSP were 15.10%,7.02%and 5.95%in 8 h,respectively,demonstrating that the prepared dry delivery systems has the effect of slowing down the release ofβ-carotene.2.In order to evaluate the stability of the nano-soybean meal delivery system ofβ-carotene,the storage stability ofβ-carotene in the delivery system and the stability of the dry delivery system in solution were investigated,and the thermogravimetric analysis of the dry delivery system was carried out.the retention rates of freeβ-carotene,10 minβc-n DSP and 30 minβc-n DSP which stored for 14 days under no light conditions at 55℃were 24.22%,44.13%,and 50.70%,respectively,while the retention rates of freeβ-carotene,10 minβc-n DSP and 30 minβc-n DSP which stored for 14 days under UV irradiation at room temperature were 54.64%,63.58%and 61.83%respectively.The cumulative release rates ofβ-carotene in carrier systems which placed in an aqueous solution were measured every other day,and the results showed that the cumulative release rate of freeβ-carotene reached 100%on the 12th day,while the cumulative release rate of 10 minβc-n DSP and 30 minβc-n DSP did not reach 100%until the 18th day.Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the weight loss rate of freeβ-carotene was divided into three stages with the change of temperature,and the most important thermal decomposition stage was the second stage,at 200℃-450℃,the weight loss rate in this stage reached 75.66%.The change of weight loss of 10 minβc-n DSP and 30 minβc-n DSP with temperature were also divided into three stages,primarily decomposed at 230℃-448℃in the second stage,and the weight loss rates were 53.78%and 49.95%,separately.The results of the three stability assessment methods indicated that the stability ofβ-carotene after dry loading in the nano soybean meal particles was higher than that of freeβ-carotene.3.A Caco-2 monolayer cell model was established to explore the cellular transport ofβ-carotene in the dry delivery system.The concentration ofβ-carotene and its dry transport system was less than or equal to 50μg/m L,which has no effect on the activity of Caco-2 cells,and the concentration of 25μg/m L was selected for the cell transport experiment of the system.The results indicated that the apparent permeability coefficient(Papp)and transport rate of 30 minβc-n DSP were 1.37×10-6cm/s and 5.50%respectively,which were greater than the apparent permeability coefficient(Papp)and the transport rate of 10 minβc-n DSP(Pappwas 1.28×10-6cm/s,transport rate was 5.16%),while the apparent permeability coefficient(Papp)and transport rate of freeβ-carotene were the smallest,which were 0.11×10-6cm/s and0.79%,respectively at the 5th hours of transit.The results proved that the preparedβ-carotene nano-soybean meal dry delivery system can improve the bioavailability ofβ-carotene.4.According to the research results in Chapters 2 to 4,the factory ofβ-carotene nano-soybean meal delivery system with an annual output of 200 tons was designed by usingβ-carotene and nano soybean meal particles as raw materials in this paper,which primarily including plant construction,process design,equipment selection,etc.Economic and technical analysis showed that the annual production cost of the established factory was 12.9454 million yuan,and the cost is expected to be recovered in 2.2 years. |
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