Research On The Historical And Cultural Changes In Wudu River Valley During Ming And Qing Dynasties

The Wudu River is a tributary on the south bank of the Beipanjian.Its drainage area covers Three areas: Panzhou City,Pu ’an County and Shuicheng District.It is located in the combination zone of Qianxian Prefecture and the subordinate area of Liupanshui City.Based on the administrative division of the main and tributaries of the Wudu River in Ming and Qing Dynasties,this thesis focuses on the politics,transportation,economy,education and customs of the river basin.The thesis analyzes the historical and cultural changes that discusses the historical development process and law of the communication and integration of ethnic groups in the Wudu River ValleyIn the aspect of political changes,the government started to adjust the administrative construction of Pu ’an to seek a reasonable ruling system arrangement,and finally established the political pattern of " Co-Governance of Chieftains and Officials " in the early Ming dynasty.Through the analysis of the nature of the chieftain system under the jurisdiction of Pu ’an prefecture and the situation of paying and paying the military service,this thesis concludes the reason why the officials were always in a weak position in the political pattern of " Co-Governance of Chieftains and Officials " in Pu ’an Prefecture in Ming Dynasty.At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty,the adjustment of the administrative districts in the Wudu River Valley.The further expansion of the ruling scope of the officials,the differentiation of the power of chieftain system,the grass-roots organization itself,and the continuous death of some branches of the Long-surname chieftain in the late Qing Dynasty,made the chieftain’s power scope shrinking.The chieftain system was gradually transformed into a national institutionalized grass-roots management unit.In the aspect of traffic changes.Wudu River valley was located in the key position connecting Yunnan and Guizhou.In order to further rule the Yunnan-Guizhou region,it became necessary to strengthen the road construction in Pu ’an section of the Post road in the early Ming Dynasty.Compared with the previous dynasties,the number of post stations in The Pu ’an section of the Ming Dynasty increased,and under the military strategy of "one line",a post transmission system with strong military color was formed.The construction of post road in Pu ’an section in Qing Dynasty continued the practice of unblocked post road in Ming Dynasty,and further strengthened the connection between patrol system and post shops.In addition,the post road in Pu ’an section has undergone changes such as changing post stations and adding shops,and the post road route has obviously moved to the north.The construction and maintenance of Pu ’an section of Yunnan and Guizhou Post Road have played an important role in the politics,economy,culture and belief of the region,and accelerated the nationalization process of Wudu River basin.In the aspect of economic changes.The arrival of the immigrants of the Ming Dynasty,such as the garrison reclamation,commercial immigration and civilian,injected power into the economic development of the Wudu River basin.The court started to energetically develop the agricultural reclamation.Nanli area in the upper reaches of the Wudu River became the key area of agricultural reclamation,while the agricultural economy in the minority areas in the middle and lower reaches of Wudu River remained to be developed,and the tax of the native people in the basin was often only symbolically levied,and the economic connection with the central government was mostly maintained by the chieftain.From the early and middle Qing Dynasty period,the development boundary of agricultural economy in the valley began to extend from the mountain valley to the vast mountainous area.Due to the social turmoil in the late Qing Dynasty,the development of agricultural economy was hindered.The people in the Wudu River basin gradually accumulated the "Local knowledge" of agricultural planting through the Ming and Qing dynasties in the long-term agricultural production practice.The outcome reflecting the people in the Wudu River Valley to adapt to and develop the natural environment.In the aspect of commercial economy,the increasing number of bazaars and the prosperity of commercial organization hall have promoted the development of commercial trade.This thesis summarizes the change of expression of land right in Wudu River Valley from "knots as boundary" to "Contract by evidence" from the contract documents of land transaction type.In the aspect of cultural and educational changes.In the Ming and Qing dynasties,the state promoted the spread and development of Confucian education in the Wudu River valley by establishing various schools such as official schools,academies,voluntary schools and so on.In Ming and Qing dynasties,many achievements have been made in the development of culture and education in Wudu River Valley.The cultural elite become an important driving force of cultural transmission,effectively promoted the spread of Confucian philosophy in grass-roots society,in the process of the infiltration of Confucianism,the local society shaped the unique cultural atmosphere.In the changing of customs.A large number of immigrants affected the cultural exchange development of the Wudu River Basin subtly in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.In the long-term communication process,the culture of immigrant and local culture influenced and merged with each other,creating new cultural customs.This thesis takes the typical folk customs of the Wudu River Valley as an example.For example,the "Hungry Ghost Festival" ceremony,the "Birth Horoscope Post" "Widows’ Choice of Marriage" and "Burial Custom" to reflect the changing customs of the Wudu River Valley.In the aspect of ethnic exchanges and integration.During the Ming and Qing dynasties,immigrants flooded into the Wudu River basin,constituting a form of settlement where people lived together.Under the joint action of the national education policy and the development needs of the clan,the wave of the clan in the Wudu River Valley gradually flourished in the middle and late Qing Dynasty.The clansmen with various family names actively integrated into the local society through the construction of the ancestor,the reconstruction of the genealogy,the construction of ancestral hall,the joint sacrifice and so on,and constructed the local image in line with the needs of national governance.At the same time,the interracial communication and interaction also took place,among which the integration of social resources in a wider range was promoted,and the communication between ethnic groups was promoted.In the Wudu River Valley,ethnic groups were active in the construction and management of Bridges,Wells and other public facilities,and in this process,the collective consciousness among groups has been consolidated,which has promoted the social integration and development the Wudu River Valley.