The Other Theory In Sartre’s Freedom Thought Study

Since Husserl put it forward as a philosophical topic,the problem of the other has become an unavoidable difficulty in modern philosophy.After Husserl and Heidegger,Sartre’s treatment of the other problem is a very interesting and passionate stroke in the history of philosophy,which has brought the guidance and control of French philosophy over the main trend of European thought for decades.Sartre felt that traditional philosophical methods were difficult to give a satisfactory answer to the problem of subject diversity,and early German phenomenology either focused on demonstrating the presence of empirical objects,or made the other become an abstract existence in the world.Sartre himself starts from the essence of human freedom to the concrete existence of the other.The other in Sartre’s text has two meanings.One is the being in-itself without self-consciousness,and the other is the being for-itself with self-consciousness,that is,others except me.The experience of being in-itself makes the subject have one dimension of being-me,and the one dimension of being-other has been fully explained by the objectified experience of the subject.Such experience has actually made the subject recognize the existence of other subjects.Whether it is the expansion of subject consciousness in-itself or the reflection of its own existence in other for-itself,the principle of operation is freedom.The response of the concept of the Other in 20 th century phenomenology,and its speculative character in Sartre’s existential theory system,must be returned to its origin in order to be understood.Sartre’s attention to the problem of the other is not only the taste of the times,but also has its deep ontological foundation.The identity philosophy originated from Plato was completely reversed in Sartre and the later eras,and Sartre’s way of thinking is essentially completely rooted in the tradition of western philosophy.The key lies in the breakthrough in the understanding of the other,which can not be said to be a kind of "Geschick" of philosophy.The hidden other dimension in Sartre’s freedom can get a ray of light from the starting point of Sartre’s concept of freedom--the ontological difference between object and cogito contained in Pre-reflective Consciousness.Freedom is not against the other,but comes from the other,and the original meaning of freedom is the inner negation of the other by consciousness.The elucidation of the situational,temporal,and transcendental nature of consciousness in Being and Nothingness also implicitly requires a self-evident pre-understanding of the other.The role of the Other in the freedom of the subject can also be recognised in the natural and social spheres and within the subject’s consciousness.From this,Sartre started from the question of the existence of the other as the subject,and through the analysis of the daily experience of encountering others,he found that the basis of the existence of others lies in my "Being For-Others".In the experience of shame,the body directly appears as something to be known,so Sartre responded to the traditional question of "Mind-Body Connection",explaining that the essence of the body is the facticity of the for-itself,and the conscious for-itself must require it to be the body,the consciousness of "Being For-Others" stems from the externality of my body being observed that I cannot grasp.Further,Sartre analyzed my two fundamental attitudes towards the freedom of others,one is assimilation,such as love;the other is opposition,such as indifference,these two attitudes are the negative relationship between free will,they reveal the intersubjective relationship.The fundamental relationship is conflict.Sartre’s philosophy always adheres to the strict distinction between ontology and empiricism,and the fundamental conflict of freedom is not an obstacle to the establishment of ethical relations in practice,but must be the premise on the contrary.After the transformation,consciousness may form a new type of real social relationship with others,and freedom expands from ontology to reality.Although Sartre is often restrained by traditional speculative philosophy and fails to go further in thinking about the other,it is undeniable that Sartre has made his contribution to the important issue of freedom and the other.