The Influence Of Post-context On The Default Effect Of Sarcasm Processing Under The Condition Of Presence Or Absence Of Positive Emoji

In the research of sarcasm,investigating factors that can influence the online processing of sarcasm has always been the core issue.Modular Accounts and Interactive Accounts have debated whether contextual factors or both coding and contextual factors play a dominant role in sacrasm processing.In recent years,Modular Account propose a new hypothesis —Defaultness Hypothesis.Defaultness Hypothesis states that the utterances with specific forms of negation(e.g.,He is not the most self-controlled person.)produce a defaultness effect,the effect is characterized by: for certain forms of negation,people will access their unfamiliar and non-salinent sarcastic interpretation(e.g.,He has very little self-control.)rapidly,not access their literal interpretation(e.g.,He already has a lot of self-control,juet not the best),and this effect will not influence by any context factors.The core idea of the Default Hypothesis is that the default effect is almost independent of contextual information.However,previous studies often set up the pre-context with a bias towards sarcasm,so it is difficult to support this idea.In addition,the processing of sarcasm in context is inseparable from the participation of emotion.In terms of the default effect,previous studies on how emotional cues(such as emoticons)affect the processing of sarcasm in context are also relatively lacking.To address the above problems,the present study first set up an evaluation task and a supplementary plot task for the negative target sentence to examine whether there was an advantage of sarcastic meaning access during partcipants’ comprehension of the negative target sentence in the no-context condition.Then in both the absence of emotion clues(i.e.,no positive emoji)and the presence of emotional clues(with positive emoji)conditions,control the precontext and set bias in post-context,to investigate whether the eye movement processing of two typical forms of negation(explicit negation and implicit negation)is affected by the postcontext,and the possible role of positive emoji.In Experiment 1a,a total of 100 undergraduates(32 males,68 females)were selected to evaluate the meaning of the target utterences.The participants were asked to evaluate the degree of recognition of the literal meaning and sarcastic meaning of the target utterances in noncontextual condition.The results showed that there was no significant difference in the recognition of the literal and the sarcastic in the negation utterances.In Experiment 1b,172undergraduates(43 males,129 females)were selected to complete the plot supplement task of target negation utterances’ meanings.The participate were asked to complete the task based on their life experience.Chi-square test was conducted on the number of differences between positive,negative and irrelevant plot added by the participants.The results showed that the participants were more inclined to add negative plot to the sarcatice meaning of the target utterances.Based on the results of Experiment 1a and Experiment 1b,additional evidence is needed to investigate whether the default effect exists in real-time natural reading and offline evaluation,as well as the possible influence of context.In Experiment 2,a total of 78 valid participates were selected.In this experiment,control the pre-context and investigate whether two typical types of negation(explicit negation and implicit negation)will produce different default effect uner different post-context conditions.A two-factor mixed experimental design was used for the experiment,2(negation types: explicit/implicit)×2(postcontextual bias: existence of sarcastic bias/ inexistence of sarcastic bias),in which the negation type was within-subjects factor,and postcontextual bias was inter-subjects factor.The results of online eye movements showed that context mainly affected the laterprocessing of the two forms sarcastic negation.The resource consumption of processing implicit negation is higher than that of processing explicit negative negation when there is a sarcastic bias in the post-context.When there is no post-contextual bias,there is no significant difference in the resource cost of processing the two types of negation.The off-line results showed that for both types negation,compared when there was no sarcastice bias in post-context,participants’ consider target utterances with post-context bias was more negative.On the basis of Experiment 2,Experiment 3 added positive emoticons at the end of the target statement sentence to explore the default effect of the two types nagation.A total of 86 valid participates was select.In this experiment,added positive emoticons,also uesed twofactor mixed experimental design,2(negation types: explicit/ implicit)× 2(postcontextual bias:existence of sarcastic bias/ inexistence of sarcastic bias),in which the negation type was withinsubjects factor,and postcontextual bias was inter-subjects factor.The online results show that,when added positive emoticons and the post-context contains sarcastic bias,the resource consumption of processing implicit negation is higher than that of processing explicit negation.When there is no bias in the post-context,positive emoticons reduce the supporting role of the post-context for the sarcasm of implicit negation.The offline results showed that when added positive emoticons to both types negation,participants believed that positive emoticons were more helpful to understand explicit negation.Based on the results of three experiments,the present study suggests that the defaultness effect of sarcasm is closely related to context.The integration of post-contextual bias information and pre-contextual information will increase the processing cost of implicit negation.As for implicit negation,positive emoticons weaken the supporting role of postcontext to some extent,and eliminate the construction of sarcasm.