The Japanese Invasion Of Rehe Before The Anti-Japanese War And China’s Response(1932—1933)

In the second half of 1932,in order to preserve their strength,the Northeast Volunteers withdrew from the three provinces of Northeast China one after another.Some of them went to the Sino-Russian border,while some of them retreated to Rehe Province.The Japanese thought that this not only cleared the "obstacle" for the implementation of the plan of invading Rehe,but also provided a reason for the Japanese invasion of Rehe.In December 1932,the Japanese army launched an attack on the militia units stationed at Rehe.At the same time,all kinds of contradictions intertwined in the Jehol area.For example,the contradictions between Chiang Kai-shek and Zhang Xueliang,between Zhang Xueliang and Tang Yulin,and between the Nanjing Nationalist Government and the local powerful groups.In the face of the Japanese invasion of Rehe,the Northeast Volunteers bravely resisted the Japanese and took the initiative to counterattack the three northeastern provinces to disperse the Japanese forces.Generally speaking,compared with the policy of "non-resistance" after the September 18 Incident,the attitude of the Nationalist Government towards Japan changed slightly,but it still centered on the policy of "peace at home before foreign affairs".Zhang Xueliang and Tang Yulin had been hesitating and wandering,and finally delayed the defense of Rehe.The public opinion media has always played the role of appealing to the army and the people to resist Japan and inspiring the patriotic enthusiasm of the people.With different positions and different interests,different parties have different responses based on their own interests.all the decisions made by the parties for the Japanese invasion of Rehe were closely related to the survival of Rehe.