A Study Of Zhou And Qin Tombs In Sanmenxia Area

The discovery and research of Zhou Qin tombs in Sanmenxia area has been more than sixty years ago.Archaeologists have discovered the Guoguo Cemetery,Houchuan Cemetery,Printing and Dyeing Factory Cemetery and other large cemeteries in this area.The number of tombs is abundant and the time span is large.In the past,researchers mainly focused on the tombs of Guo State,and lacked a systematic investigation of the tombs in the Sanmenxia area from Eastern Zhou to the end of Qin and the beginning of Han.In addition,the staging of the remains as the basis of archaeological research,the Guoguo Cemetery has been undecided.In view of this,this article intends to establish a reliable time-space framework,on this basis,to dynamically observe changes in the local burial customs and burial system.Chapter One Introduction.The article mainly defines the scope of time and space in the Sanmenxia area,and sorts out the history and current situation of academic research for more than 60 years,and points out the research purpose,significance and methods of the article on this basis.The second chapter is staging and chronology.Based on the classification and evolution of the typical pottery unearthed from the Zhou Qin tombs in the Sanmenxia area,combined with the coexistence of different types of artifacts,the tombs in this area are divided into six phases.Among them,the Guoguo cemetery can be divided into two sections,the first period is early in the early spring and autumn period,and the second period is late in the early spring and autumn period to the early mid spring and autumn period.The third chapter is the study of burial customs and burial system.According to the overall characteristics of the evolution of tombs,the Zhou Qin tombs in Sanmenxia area can be divided into three major stages.The stage is from the late Warring States period to the late Qin and early Han.In the third stage,the burial customs in the Sanmenxia area have undergone tremendous changes: in the third stage,the pit earthen pit tombs,north-facing tombs,orthopedic burials,and mortuary customs,which were the main part of the first and second stages,were transformed into caverns in the third stage.Tombs,west-facing tombs,and burial styles with bent limbs are the main styles,and the custom of mortuary jade tends to disappear.The huge change in funeral customs means that the two populations are different.Based on the existing research,it should be the difference between Zhou and Qin.The fourth chapter looks at the relationship between individuals and society from the difference of funeral objects.From the perspective of the functional collocation and placement rules of burial objects,the first and second stages represented by the Guoguo Cemetery and Houchuan Cemetery are copper food vessels,water vessels,carts and horses or ceramic food vessels,water vessels,and cooking vessels.The high consistency ratio of utensils’ functional collocation and the high degree of consistency in social individual choices indicate that society has constraints on the functional collocation of copper utensils,water utensils,carts and horses,or ceramic utensils,water utensils,and cookware.However,judging from the irregular placement of copper food vessels,water vessels,carts and horses,pottery utensils,cooking utensils,water vessels and other burial objects on the head and feet of the tomb owner,the individual is the best choice in choosing the location of the burial objects.There is free space.To the third stage represented by the printing and dyeing factory cemetery and the thermal power plant cemetery,the ratio of the functional collocation of tombs and the placement rules of the tombs have changed significantly.In the low-grade burial objects represented by the printing and dyeing factory cemetery,the functional matching ratio of pottery utensils,water vessels,and cooking utensils has decreased sharply,and there is no obvious pattern in the placement of the buried objects.The consistency ratio of copper food vessels and wine vessels in high-level tombs represented by thermal power plant cemeteries continues to the high ratio of the previous stage and even increased.Copper food vessels,wine vessels,etc.are placed on the head of the tomb.The arrangement of burial objects has obvious regularity.The functional collocation and placement rules of burial objects show the great difference between high-level tombs and low-level tombs.The change process of the binding force during this period showed a close correlation with the status level.The fifth chapter is about the social changes from Zhou Dynasty to Qin Dynasty in Sanmenxia area.From the perspective of time,it comprehensively combs the different aspects of the burial system of Zhou and Qin Dynasty,and then discusses the social changes of Zhou and Qin Dynasty.The sixth chapter is the conclusion,which summarizes the whole paper.At the same time,it also explains the shortcomings of the article.Through the longitudinal combing,we can see that the funeral custom of the tombs in this region has changed greatly in the third stage.According to the reference records,it is the difference between the "Zhou people" and the "Qin people";in addition,the differences between the "Zhou people" and the "Qin people" are also very obvious in the selection of the types of funerary objects and the arrangement rules.The people of Zhou Dynasty have strict requirements for the choice of the types of funerary objects in tombs,but they are more casual about the placement of funerary objects.There are two differences between Qin people.The high-level Qin people not only have strict requirements on the selection of burial objects,but also have regulations on the placement of burial objects.The low-level Qin people had a strong randomness in choosing the types of funerary objects and placing them,while the ritual system was less restrictive.