Study On Extraction Technology Of Ginsenosides From Stems And Leaves Of Panax Ginseng And Bioactivity Of Its Polysaccharides And Lignocellulose

With the continuous development of the ginseng industry,the demand of ginseng continues to increase.However,after ginseng is harvested,ginseng stems and leaves are usually abandoned,resulting in waste of resources and environmental pollution.Ginseng stems and leaves contain ginsenosides,polysaccharides,lignocellulose and other components.The rational use of ginseng stems and leaves resources is beneficial to increase its added value.In view of this,this study used ginseng stems and leaves as materials to determine the best process for extracting total ginsenoside from ginseng stems and leaves by ethanol-ultra-high-pressure method,clarified the anti-ultraviolet properties of ginseng stems and leaves lignin,and evaluated the hemicellulose of ginseng stems and leaves.The anti-aging activity of polysaccharides from ginseng stems and leaves was evaluated with Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism.The main findings are as follows:1.Through response surface design,the parameters of ginsenoside extraction process were optimized,and the optimal extraction process was determined as follows:ethanol concentration（A）was 71%,extraction pressure（B）was 314Mpa,solid-liquid ratio（C）was 1:32（g/m L）.The total ginsenoside of ginseng stems and leaves were extracted three times through the best extraction process.The content of total ginsenoside was 138.62 mg/g,which was close to the predicted value of 138.118mg/g.The total content of 9 monomer ginsenoside in ginseng stems and leaves determined by HPLC was 68.52mg/g.Among them,the content of ginsenoside Re was the highest at 26.07mg/g;the content of ginsenoside Rd was the second at 10.29mg/g;the content of Rg1,Rb1,and Rb2 were 9.65mg/g,6.52mg/g,6.27mg/g,respectively;the content of ginsenoside Rf was the lowest,0.03mg/g.2.The content of ginseng stems and leaves lignin is 15.98%,the content of phenolic hydroxyl is 12.61%,and the SPF value distribution range of ginseng stems and leaves lignin（concentration 3mg/m L-6mg/m L）is 35.21-38.22,which is between two The SPF values of several commercially available sunscreens are between,indicating that ginseng stems and leaves lignin,as a natural plant-derived polyp Henolic substance,is a good UV blocker.3.The hemicellulose of ginseng stems and leaves is mainly composed of mannose,rhamnose,glucuronic acid,maltose,xylose and arabinose with a molar ratio of0.039:0.074:0.053:0.065:0.218:12.196.The hemicellulose of ginseng stems and leaves has good adsorption performance.When the adsorption time is 1h,the amount of hemicellulose is 60mg,the initial concentration of heavy metal solution is 300mg/L,and the p H value is 6,the adsorption capacity of Pb²⁺and Zn²⁺of hemicellulose of ginseng stems and leaves is181.00mg/g and 239.10mg/g,respectively.At the relative humidity（RH）of 43%,the hemicellulose of ginseng stems and leaves had constant moisturizing effect.When the relative humidity（RH）is 81%,the hemicellulose of ginseng leaves and stems has the function of water balance.4.Ginseng stems and leaves polysaccharides are mainly composed of mannose,rhamnose,glucuronic acid,maltose,glucose,galactose,xylose,and arabinose,but the ratio of each monosaccharide is different.The mass percentages of the monosaccharides in ginseng stem and leaf polysaccharide GSLP are:mannose（0.78%）,rhamnose（2.00%）,glucuronic acid（0.16%）,maltose（3.35%）,glucose（9.97%）,lactose（3.38%）,xylose（0.19%）,arabinose（2.72%）.The molar ratio of the monosaccharides in the ginseng stem and leaf polysaccharide GSLP was0.43:1.11:0.09:1.56:4.53:1.88:0.12:1.81,respectively.Using Caenorhabditis elegans as model organisms,the safe dose of ginseng stem and leaf polysaccharide was determined to be 2.5mg/m L by measuring nematode cell apoptosis and lipofuscin content.5.Ginseng stems and leaves purified polysaccharide GSLP-4 administration group can significantly reduce ROS content,lipofuscin content,and fat content.GSLP-4 may reduce the content of ROS in the cells,inhibit the occurrence of lipid peroxidation in the Caenorhabditis elegans,slow down the accumulation of lipofuscin in the body,and ultimately lead to the extension of the average and longest lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans.GSLP-4 has strong in vitro antioxidant capacity and can also significantly inhibit the generation of ROS in Caenorhabditis elegans.However,there was no significant difference in the survival time of Caenorhabditis elegans in the 0.9 mg/m L administration group and 1.8 mg/m L administration group under oxidative stress and heat stress conditions,while the lifespan of the Caenorhabditis elegans in the administration group was significantly longer.In the control group,this result may indicate that GSLP-4 cannot directly eliminate free radicals in Caenorhabditis elegans,and also indicates that GSLP-4 may delay aging by activating certain special signals.