| Objective: As a characteristic perennial shrub grown in the arid region,black wolfberry（Lycium ruthenicum Murr.）is widely distributed in the northwest of China.The fruit is rich in bioactive substances which are closely related to their quality,while the biosynthetic of most bioactive metabolites is influenced by environmental factors.In order to evaluate the quality of black wolfberry fruit from various geographic region in China and identify the influence of environment factors on the formation of active metabolites in the fruits,and thus help on understanding the health effect,we comparatively analyzed the bioactive metabolites in black wolfberry fruits and its anti-oxidative ＆ anti-inflammentory effect.Methods: The present study firstly evaluated the total phenol content,antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of nine representative black wolfberry fruit samples from Gansu Province,Ningxia Province,Qinghai Province,Xinjiang Province,and Inner Mongolia Province,then comprehensively analyzed the profiles of primary and specialized metabolites,as well as lipids,the main results summarized as follows:Results:（1）Based on Folin-Ciocalteu method,we evaluated total phenol content of black wolfberry fruit samples.The result showed that total phenol content differed on the geographical region.The sample from Dunhuang,Gansu province（GDG）has a highest level of total phenol content,while the lowest level was presented in the samples from Wuwei,Gansu province（GWM）and Tarim Basin,Xinjiang province（XTB）compared with others（p<0.05）.Further analysis showed that total phenol content was significantly positive correlated with antioxidant ability（p<0.05）.（2）Using GC/LC-MS based metabolomics approach,the present study comprehensively analyzed the profiles of primary and specialized metabolites of nine representative black wolfberry fruit samples.A total of 204 metabolites,including 24 amino acid-related compounds,34 organic acids,30 sugar-related metabolites,58 phenolic compounds,23 lipids,five nucleosides,two vitamins,and 28 others were identified.Of all the identified compounds,135 metabolites were reported for the first time in black wolfberry.Three black wolfberry samples from Alxa League（IMAL）,Jinta county（GJJ）,and Minqin county（GWM）displayed dramatically altered primary and specialized metabolite profiles displaying higher levels of phenolic acids,soluble sugars and flavonoids,but lower levels of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates and aromatic amino acids（p<0.05）.Interestingly,there was a higher sunshine duration and lower annual mean rainfall in these three locations.（3）Using LC-MS based approach,the present study comprehensively analyzed the profiles of lipids of nine representative black wolfberry fruit samples for the first time.A total of 268 lipid species were identified,and among them,triglyceride was the largest class of lipid species.The lipid profile of the IMAL samples was strikingly distinct from any other samples which is in accordance with the result of metabolomics（p<0.05）.Most of the up-regulated lipid species in IMAL samples were glycolipids,such as monogalactosyl diacylglycerol（MGDG）,sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol（SQDG）,and digalactosyl diacylglycerol（DGDG）.Additionally,the levels of MGDG and SQDG in nine black wolfberry fruits were significantly positive correlated with their anti-inflammatory capacities（p<0.05）.Conclusions:（1）The effect of environmental factors on phenol content and composition of black wolfberry fruits were validated as well as its health effect as anti-oxidative ＆ anti-inflammentory effect.（2）Metabolomic results suggested that the accumulation of metabolite differences in black wolfberry fruits was driven by drought and ultraviolet.（3）The lipidomic results indicated that MGDG and SQDG can also be used as potential bioactive metabolites in black wolfberry fruits. |
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