| Background and purpose: Turner syndrome(TS)is a rare genetic disorder caused by complete or partial deficiency of one X chromosome in females.Although the over intelligence quotient of Turner syndrome patients is similar to their neurotypical peers,their mathematical and visuospatial reasoning abilities are week.Importantly,the females with Turner syndrome were have a lower number processing performance than their peers.In addition,they also have a high risk accompany with dyscalculia.Therefore,the female become an ideal group to explore mathematical learning disability and dyscalculia,providing the important evidence from physiology and neural mechanism.The current study adopted three mathematical tasks(including number comparison,numerosity comparison and simple subtraction)to explore the mathematical abilities between different phenotype of Turner syndrome and their neurotypical peers.Further,we used magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)technology to observing the different of brain structure and brain neurons spontaneous activity between different phenotype of Turner syndrome and their neurotypical peers.Specially,the method of amplitude low frequency fluctuation(ALFF)could analyze the intensity and the regional homogeneity(Re Ho)could analyze the brain neurons spontaneous activity whether consist in the same time.Methods:(1)The current study were using three mathematical tasks including number comparison,numerosity comparison and simple subtraction to compared the mathematical ability with and without TS.(2)In order to investigate the difference of gray matter between three TS group and control group,the s MRI images of three TS groups and control group were analyzed using voxel-based morphometry(VBM)method in this study.(3)The rs-f MRI data were collected in four group including three TS groups and control group.The data were analyzed by DPARSF,ALFF and Re Ho values were into calculated further for investigate the difference of brain neurons activities in patients with Turner syndrome and control group at resting state.Results:(1)Although the score of three mathematical tasks in three Turner syndrome group were poorer than control group,not reach the significant level.Further,the chi-square test analyzed the different number of dyscalculia in the Turner syndrome suggesting that the number of dyscalculia in Non-mosaic TS group and other TS group were more than control group significantly.(2)The one-way ANOVA result for four group showed that the group effect significantly.The post hoc test result showed that the Non-mosaic TS group gray matter voxels not only increased in right superior frontal gyrus,right insula,right medial superior frontal,right medial superior frontal gyrus,left middle temporal gyrus,right supplementary motor area,left middle occipital gyrus and right superior temporal gyrus gyrus but also reduced in right postcentral,left calcarine,left middle temporal gyrus,left superior occipital gyrus,left inferior parietal lobule,left postcentral gyrus,right cuneus and left precentral gyrus comparing to control group.In mosaic TS group,the gray matter voxels were increased in right amygdala,right fusiform gyrus,right precentral gyrus,right calcarine,left middle temporal gyrus,left lingual gyrus,bilateral superior temporal gyrus and bilateral insula;reduced in right fusiform gyrus,right precentral gyrus,right calcarine gyrus,left middle temporal gyrus,left lingual,right precuneus and right superior parietal lobule significantly comparing to control group.In other TS group,gray matter voxels increased in bilateral insula,left superior frontal gyrus orbital part,right middle frontal gyrus,right superior temporal gyrus and right superior occipital gyrus;reduced in left cuneus,left calcarine,right postcentral gyrus,right calcarine and bilateral lingual significantly comparing to control group.(3)Region of interest(ROI)analysis showed that the gray matter voxels were reduced significantly in the left inferior parietal lobe and the right superior parietal gyrus with Non-mosaic TS group and Mosaic TS group comparing to control group.But no difference between other TS group and control group.(4)The one-way ANOVA result of ALFF value among four groups showed that the group effect was significant.Post hoc test showed that compared to control group,Non-mosaic TS group increased the values of ALFF in bilateral inferior temporal gyrus,right precuneus,middle cingulate gyrus and left angular gyrus;decreased in bilateral superior frontal gyrus,precentral gyrus,left inferior frontal gyrus orbital part,frontal gyrus medial part,middle occipital gyrus,right middle frontal gyrus orbital part,anterior cingulate gyrus,precuneus and medial superior frontal gyrus.Mosaic TS group increased the values of ALFF in left superior temporal lobe and right superior frontal gyrus,and decreased in the left frontal gyrus medial part,inferior occipital gyrus,calcarine,right insula,precuneus and putamen.Other TS group increased the values of ALFF in left inferior frontal gyrus,inferior temporal gyrus,middle temporal gyrus and frontal gyrus medial part,decreased in bilateral precentral gyrus,left anterior cingulate gyrus,calcarine,middle occipital gyrus,supramarginal and right lingual gyrus.(5)The one-way ANOVA result of Re Ho value among four groups showed that the group effect was significant.Post hoc test showed that compared to control group,Non-mosaic TS group increased the values of Re Ho in bilateral middle frontal gyrus,left angular gyrus and right superior frontal gyrus,decreased in bilateral middle occipital gyrus,left inferior frontal gyrus,superior frontal gyrus,calcarine,right anterior cingulate gyrus and inferior occipital gyrus.Mosaic TS group increased the values of Re Ho in bilateral inferior temporal gyrus,middle temporal gyrus,left paracentral lobule and right amygdala,reduced in bilateral superior frontal gyrus,inferior occipital gyrus,left middle temporal pole,inferior frontal gyrus,right calcarine,postcentral gyrus and precentral gyrus.Other TS group increased the values of Re Ho in bilateral precuneus,right superior frontal gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus,decreased in bilateral middle occipital gyrus,precentral gyrus,left calcarine,inferior frontal gyrus,right postcentral gyrus,superior frontal gyrus,middle occipital gyrus and angular gyrus.Conclusion: Conclusion:(1)There is no different among three TS group and control in three mathematical tasks.(2)Compared with the control group,the gray matter voxels of the three TS groups were different with control group in the parietal lobe and occipital lobe,which related to the ability of calculation closely.The impairment of parietal lobe and occipital lobe may be an explain to the high incidence of dyscalculia in Turner syndrome.(3)The activity intensity and time series consistency of brain neurons activity in Turner syndrome at rest stating were different from the control group in occipital and temporal lobe.The value of ALFF and Re Ho were decreased in occipital lobe and increased in temporal lobe.May be the temporal lobe may play a role in compensating occipital lobe during spontaneous activity of brain neurons in TS. |
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