| In recent years,due to the acceleration of industrialization,urbanization and globalization,environmental pollution and health problems caused by heavy metal elements have become increasingly serious.Heavy metals are one of the environmental pollutants known to be toxic to nature and human society.They can accumulate in the animal’s body through the respiratory tract,skin,and digestive tract,and are particularly easy to accumulate in the human kidney and placenta.Even if the human body is exposed to low concentrations of heavy metals,it will affect human metabolism and threaten human health.In addition to directly affecting human health,heavy metals can also have some indirect reactions with substances in the body,thereby harming human health.For example,heavy metals can participate in Fenton-like reactions to produce more reactive oxygen species.It covalently binds with antioxidants in the body,such as reducing glutathione,and loses its ability to eliminate active substances,and interacts with some antioxidant enzymes in the body,thereby affecting the activity and concentration of the enzyme Disturb the redox reaction.These induced by heavy metals destroy the original oxidative and antioxidant balance in the body,which will have a serious impact on pregnant women and fetuses.Pregnancy,as a special period,is particularly sensitive to heavy metals and oxidative reactions,and women with diseases in pregnancy are more sensitive to heavy metal and heavy metal-induced oxidative stress reactions,so they need to be Focus on fetal health.The fetal period is a key period of growth and development.Cell differentiation and proliferation are active,the detoxification mechanism is relatively imperfect,and it is more susceptible to biological and physical factors than adults.Studies have shown that heavy metals can lead to prenatal contact with the fetus through the placental barrier,causing various adverse diseases such as pregnancy diseases,low birth weight of newborns,intrauterine growth retardation,and deformities.As early as the 1980 s,Forni A and others have discussed the effect of lead on chromosomes,and elaborated the results of a large number of experimental studies.Some of the results show that mammalian lymphocytes will produce chromosomal aberrations when cultured in an environment containing excessive lead.Cadmium has been proven to cause many birth defects in many vertebrate experiments.Prenatal exposure to cadmium can have an adverse effect on children’s IQ.Cadmium content in umbilical cord blood can also affect the fetal Apgar score and birth weight.Maternal and fetal oxidative stress and anti-oxidative environment will affect the development and maturation of placental villi,increase the risk of spontaneous abortion,habitual abortion,preeclampsia,high blood pressure during pregnancy,diabetes,etc.It may also lead to premature delivery,low birth weight,intrauterine fetal Growth retardation,fetal malformation,and other adverse pregnancy outcomes.High oxidative stress levels may cause obese pregnant women to increase the risk of pregnancy complications such as diabetes and hypertension,and increase their susceptibility to obesity,diabetes,and metabolic disorder syndrome.Therefore,during pregnancy,it is necessary to seriously study the mechanism of heavy metal and heavy metal-induced oxidative stress in pregnant women and the fetus.In this study,the peripheral blood,placenta and neonatal cord blood of normal pregnant women with no special exposure history and heavy metal exposure history and pregnant women with gestational diseases such as gestational diabetes and pregnancy-induced hypertension were used to form paired samples.Five kinds of heavy metal elements such as Cd,Cr,Cu,Pb,As were detected and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.Compare the contents of pollutants in the maternal blood and placental cord blood of normal pregnant women and pregnant women with diseases during pregnancy.To analyze the differences in the distribution of pollutants in normal pregnant women and pregnant women with diseases during pregnancy and whether the diseases have an impact on the placental barrier? The contents of 8-OHd G,MDA and SOD in maternal blood,cord blood serum and placental supernatant were detected using Elese kit.Analyze the correlation between heavy metals and these oxidative stress indicators.To judge the barrier effect of the placenta on different heavy metals and oxidative stress.The results showed that:(1)The Cd,Cu,Pb and As and oxidative stress levels of cord blood in the normal group were lower than those of maternal blood,and the difference was statistically significant,p <0.05.In the GDM group,the umbilical blood Cr was greater than the maternal blood,the difference was statistically significant,p<0.05;the umbilical blood Cu and oxidative stress levels were lower than the maternal blood,and the difference was statistically significant,p <0.05.The level of Cu and oxidative stress in cord blood of HDCP group was lower than that of maternal blood,and the difference was statistically significant,p <0.05.(2)The content of Cd and As in maternal blood in the GDM group is less than that in the normal group,and the Cu content in the maternal blood is greater than that in the normal group;the level of oxidative stress in the placenta is greater than that in the normal group,and Cd,Cu,and As are lower than those in the normal group;The level of SOD in the blood was lower than that in the normal group,and the Cr in the cord blood was greater than that in the normal group.The above differences were statistically significant,p <0.05.The level of MDA and Cr in maternal blood of HDCP group was higher than that of normal group,and the Cd level in maternal blood was lower than that of normal group;MDA,Cr and Pb in placenta were higher than those in normal group,and MDA,Cr,Cu and Pb in cord blood Both were greater than the cord blood of the normal group,and the above differences were statistically significant,p <0.05.In conclusion:(1)According to the general data of the subjects,the age of the pregnant women in the normal group,the GDM group,and the HDCP group is not significantly different,so the influence of age on the results of this study can be excluded from the analysis.The analysis shows that the BMI of the pregnant women in the normal group is significantly lower than that of the other two groups.The impact of HDCP on the fetus is greater than that of GDM.Newborns in the HDCP group are smaller in weight and length,and have lower scores.The content of heavy metals and MDA in cord blood is also greater than that in the normal group.(2)According to the results,it can be seen that the normal pregnant women have a good barrier effect on Cd,Cu,Pb and As and oxidative stress.In pregnant women with pregnancy diseases,the placental barrier is affected by heavy metal functions.The barrier effect of heavy metals is also affected by whether metals are essential elements in the human body and the relationship between metals.(3)According to the results,it is known that the newborns of pregnant women with pregnancy diseases are more likely to be exposed to heavy metals and to be affected by greater oxidative stress.On the basis of our previous research,we have to consider the mutual influence of metals in the entire human body,which is also the focus of our research group. |
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