| (1)Effects of improved muscle quality feed on adult Luciobarbus capitoTwo hundred and forty bulatmai barbel（Luciobarbus capito）with weight of 311.32±2.54 g and body length of 35.79±2.33 cm were stochastically divided into 4 groups with three replicates per group and 20 fish per replicate and was marked separately y1,y2,y3 and y4.Where y1 stood for the control group,and y2,y3 and y4 stood for three improved muscle quality feed experimental groups that the experimental fish were fed on the control feeds with high mix of nutritional feed additives,respectively.The effects of nutritional feed additives and eucommia ulmoides were assessed based on the growth,digestive enzyme activity,meat quality and health of L.capito.1.Growth and intestinal digestive enzyme activities of L.capitoGrowth and digestive enzyme activities were measured at 30 d,60 d,and 75 d.The results showed that short-term feeding（30 d）,the protein efficiency and fullness of experimental fish in group Y2 and Y3 were improved effectively,while the feed coefficients were decreased.The intestinal lipase activity of L.capito could be improved by feed on the muscle-improving feed,and the most significant different occurred in group Y3.The lipase activity in foregut for group Y2 and Y3 were more than 201.11%and 346.67%of the control group（P<0.05）,respectively.And the protease activity in foregut,midgut and hindgut for group Y2 was more than 23.65%,37.29%and 11.86%of control group（P<0.05）,respectively.The similar results appeared in group Y3,and the protease activity in foregut,midgut and hindgut were increased by 14.29%,77.92%and 10.98%（P<0.05）,respectively.The most active intestinal amylase appeared in group Y2（P<0.05）,the amylase activity in foregut for group Y2 and Y3 was 1.20 and 1.14 times of the group Y1（P<0.05）,respectively.After 60 days of feeding,the weight gain rate,specific growth rate and fullness of fish for group Y2 and Y3 were more than control group（P<0.05）,however,the opposite result obtained from group Y4（P<0.05）.The lipase activity of fish for group Y2 and Y3 were improved in varying degrees.The maximum value of lipase activity for foregut,midgut and hindgut appeared in group Y2,Y2 and Y3,respectively.Compared with control group,the lipase activity in foregut,midgut and hindgut for group Y2 increased by 88.29%,141.81%and 40.31%（P<0.05）,respectively,and these numbers for group Y3 were 76.35%,129.72%and 276.82%（P<0.05）,respectively.But the lipase activity in midgut and hindgut of fish for group Y4 was significantly reduced（P<0.05）;the highest value of intestinal proteases activity appeared in group Y3（P<0.05）.Compared with control group,the protease activity in foregut,midgut and hindgut of fish for group Y3 increased by 15.03%,3.26%and 4.08%,respectively;but the protease activity in foregut and midgut for groups Y4 was significantly decreased（P<0.05）.The highest value of intestinal amylase activity appeared in group Y2（P<0.05）,group Y2 and Y3 was 3.66 and 2.86 times of group Y1 in the foregut amylase activity,respectively.Long-term feeding（75 d）,the weight gain rate,protein efficiency and intestinal lipases for group Y2 and Y3 were increased to different degrees,and the highest value of intestinal lipases appeared in group Y3（P<0.05）.Compared with control group,the lipase activity in foregut,midgut,and hindgut for group Y3 were increased by 191.76%,165.0%,and 241.97%respectively（P<0.05）;and for group Y2,they are 91.14%,101.85%,105.13%（P<0.05）,respectively;however the lipase activity in foregut,midgut and hindgut for group Y4 decreased significantly（P<0.05）.The highest value of intestinal protease appeared in group Y3（P<0.05）.Compared with control group,the protease activity in foregut and midgut for group Y3 increased by 18.82%and 7.15%（P<0.05）,respectively.The highest value of foregut amylase in appeared in group Y2,and the highest value of midgut amylase appeared in group Y3（P<0.05）.The foregut amylase activity of group Y2 was 1.42 times that of group Y1（P<0.05）,and the midgut amylase activity of group Y3 was 1.21 times that of group Y1（P<0.05）.So the fish in group Y2 and Y3 have an advantage in growth and digestion.2.Meal quality,antioxidant capacity and some immune indexes of L.capitoIn terms of meal quality,after short-term feeding（30 d）,compared with control group,there were the most significant effects in improving the texture characteristics of the back muscles,sensory evaluation scores,muscle fiber diameter,and collagen content for group Y4（P<0.05）,however,the most significant effect group was Y3 for long-term feeding（60 d and 75 d）（P<0.05）.In terms of antioxidant capacity,after short-term feeding（30 d）and long-term feeding（60 d,75 d）,compared with control group,the antioxidant capacity for group Y2 and Y3 were significantly enhanced.,in detail,the activities of CAT,SOD,GSH and GSH-PX in all examined tissues were increased,but the MDA was significantly decreased（P<0.05）.In terms of immune indicators,after short-term feeding（30 d）,compared with control group,the serum LZM and IgM content of the fish for group Y2 and Y3 were significantly increased（P<0.05）.And after long-term feeding（75 d）,the serum LZM content for group Y3 was significantly increased（P<0.05）.3.The intestinal flora of L.capitoAfter long-term feeding（75 d）,compared with control group,the abundances of dominant population of flora,such as Proteobacteria,Lactobacillus and other beneficial bacteria,were increased for group Y2 and Y3,while the density of beneficial bacteria for group Y4 was reduced.This shows that the proportion of beneficial bacteria in the intestinal tract could be increased and the number of pathogenic bacteria could be reduced by feed on the muscle-improving feed for L.capito,but the feeding dose should be managed because the proportion of beneficial bacteria for group Y4 was reduce.（2）Effects of improved muscle quality feed on adult Ictalurus punctatusOne hundred and eighty channel catfish（Ictalurus punctatus）with weight of 605.41±2.91 g and body length of 39.91±3.45 cm were stochastically divided into 3 groups,with three replicates per group and 20 fish per replicate.And each group was marked separately group Z1,group Z2 and group Z3.Group Z1 was control group,Group Z2 and Group Z3 were experimental groups.Improved muscle quality feed group Z2 consisting of broad bean（92.6g%）.nutritional additives（1.5%）,flour（4.01%）and Soybean oil（1.8%）.And improved muscle quality feed group Z3 consisting of broad bean（92.69%）,nutritional additives（1.5%）and allicin（1.8%）.The feeding trial lasted for 75 d,and the effects of improved meal quality on the growth,digestion,muscle quality and health of I.punctatus were discussed.1.Growth and intestinal digestive enzymes of I.punctatusAfter 30 d,60 d and 75 d cultivation,the growth and intestinal digestive enzyme activity of the fish were measured,After short-term feeding（30 d）,compared with control group,the protein efficiency for group Z2 and Z3 increased by 67.78%and 76.67%（P<0.05）,respectively;There was no significant difference in lipase activity and amylase activity between control group and experimental group（P>0.05）,the highest value of intestinal protease in midgut and hindgut appeared in group Z2（P<0.05）,and were 1.13 and 2.33 times than value of group Z1（P<0.05）,additionally,the intestinal protease in hindgut for group Z3 was 1.39 times larger than that for group Z1（P<0.05）.After feeding for 60 days,compared with control group,Z2 and Z3 groups growth,lipase and amylase activity were not significant different between control group and experimental group（P>0.05）;The highest value of intestinal protease appeared in group Z2（P<0.05）,and the protease activity in foregut,midgut and hindgut for group Z2were 1.21,2.0 and 1.25 times than that for group Z1（P<0.05）,respectively;and the protease activity midgut and hindgut for group Z3 were 1.57 and 1.24 times than that of the group Zl.After long-term feeding（75 d）,the protein efficiency of group Z3 was 68.03%higher than that of group Z1（P<0.05）;The proteases in midgut and hindgut for group Z2 were 1.25 and 1.19 times than that of group Z1（P<0.05）,respectively;and for group Z3,they were 1.11 and 1.21 times than that of group Z1（P<0.05）,respectively.There were no significant different in lipase activity between groups（P>0.05）.2.Meal quality,antioxidant capacity and partial immunity of I.punctatusIn terms of meat quality,after short-term feeding（30 d）,the texture characteristics of the back muscles,sensory evaluation scores,muscle fiber diameter and collagen content for group Z3were significantly improved（P<0.05）,the effect of the long-term feeding（60 d and 75 d）was significant in group Z2（P<0.05）.In terms of antioxidant capacity,after short-term feeding（30 d）and long-term feeding（60 d,75 d）,the antioxidant capacity for group Z2 and Z3 could be significantly increased,in detail,the activity of CAT,SOD,GSH,GSH-PX in all examined tissues were increased,but the MDA content was significantly reduced（P<0.05）.In terms of immune,after long-term feeding（60 d）,the serum LZM content for group Z3 was significantly increased（P<0.05）.3.The intestinal flora of I.punctatusCompared with control group,the diversity of the dominant flora in group Z2 is reduced,which may cause harm to the health of fish. |
