Study On Efficient Pollen Collection From Dedicated Apple Pollination Trees For Liquid Spreading

Most varieties of apple are cross-pollinated and require artificial pollination to meet the pollination needs.In this experiment,bees were used to collect apple pollen,and the concentration gradients were set up by bee pollen and hand-collected pollen,and liquid pollination was performed on the four-year-old ’Fuji’.At the same time,the investigation of the behavior of bees visiting flowers was carried out at the test site,and the volatile substances of peach blossoms,apples blossoms and pear blossoms were analyzed.The results are as follows:1.There is a significant difference between the enthusiasm of bees to visit flowers and the yield of collected pollen in different periods.The peak time of collecting pollen is 10:00 ～12:00 and 12:00 ～ 14:00.The period of bee pollen production in a day from high to low is about 12:00 ～ 14:00 > 10:00 ～ 12:00 > 14:00 ～ 16:00 > 8:00 ～ 10:00 > 16:00 ～ 18:00.The enthusiasm of bees for collecting pollen is related to temperature.Within a certain temperature,the higher the temperature,the higher the enthusiasm of bees for visiting flowers and the higher the yield of bee pollen.2.The differences in the volatiles of peach,pear and apple flowers resulted in significant differences in the number of bees attracted,visit time and visit frequency of each flower.The number of bees attracted by peach blossom in 5 minutes from 10:00 to 12:00 and 12:00 to14:00 was significantly higher than that of apple and pear.The single flower visit time of peach was significantly lower than that of apple and pear,and the visit frequency was significantly higher than that of apple and pear.The test results of volatile compounds in peach flower,pear flower and Apple flower with different visiting rates showed that the contents of Linalool and benzyl alcohol in high visiting rate pear flower and Apple flower were higher than those in low visiting rate pear flower and Apple flower.The content of alkanes in peach flower is higher than that in Apple and pear flower.3.The efficiency of collecting pollen by bees is very high.Two boxes of bees can collect more than 500 grams of bee pollen in a day.Through scanning electron microscope observation,it is found that 85% of the collected bee pollen is Apple pollen.The storage test of bee pollen shows that the vitality of bee pollen is high,which is maintained at about 70%within 30 days.It can be stored at 4℃for a short period of 30 days,and-20℃for a long period of more than 30 days can ensure the vitality of bee pollen more economically and efficiently.4.Liquid pollination can achieve the appropriate fruit setting rate of ’Fuji’ by adjusting the pollen concentration,in this test,the hand-collected pollen 0.04% spray treatment and bee pollen 0.1% spray treatment can ensure that the ’Fuji’ fruit set rate is between 30% and 40%,greatly improving the pollination efficiency and saving the cost of flower thinning in the later stage.Due to the direct effect of pollen,liquid pollination can improve fruit quality using both bee pollen and hand-collected pollen.The order of improving single fruit weight of ‘Fuji’by liquid pollination was bee pollen 0.4% twice > hand-collected pollen 0.04% twice > bee pollen 0.7% once > hand-collected pollen 0.07% once > bee pollen 0.4% once > bee pollen0.1% once > hand-collected pollen 0.04% once > hand pollen-picked 0.01%.The single fruit weight of bee pollen treated with 0.4% twice increased by 36.88% and 17.25%,respectively,compared with natural pollination treatment and bee pollen treated with 0.4% once.The fruit shape index of all treatments after liquid pollination was significantly higher than that of natural pollination,and the fruit shape index of two treatments after spraying pollen was higher than that of one treatment with the same concentration.The internal quality of fruit was significantly improved by liquid pollination,and the soluble solids of bee pollen increased by 32.17% compared with natural pollination by 0.4% spraying twice.The titratable acid of 0.7% bee pollen was significantly lower than that of natural pollination,reaching0.14,48.15% lower than that of natural pollination.The content of flavonoids in bee pollen treated with 0.7% spray was 19.32% higher than that of natural pollination,and the content of vitamins in hand-collected pollen treated with 0.04% spray was the highest,reaching 8.26mg/100 g.The anthocyanin content of hand-collected pollen treated with 0.07% spray was significantly higher than that of natural pollination,reaching 0.45 mg/g,which was 28.57%higher than that of natural pollination.5.The sugar components of Fuji Fruit Mainly Include Fructose,glucose and sucrose.Compared with natural pollination,the fructose content of hand-collected pollen treated twice and bee pollen treated twice by 0.04% and 0.4% increased by 18.00% and 20.11%respectively.In Fuji Fruit,malic acid is the highest organic acid,citric acid and oxalic acid content are relatively low.The content of malic acid in bee pollen treated with 0.7% spray was the lowest,which was 10.58% lower than that of natural pollination.6.Liquid pollination also had a significant effect on the aroma components of fruits,which could improve the flavor of fruits.After liquid pollination with bee pollen and hand-collected Pollen,the contents of hexyl Acetate,ethyl 2-methyl butyrate and hexyl caproate were significantly increased.The contents of hexyl Acetate in hand-collected pollen pollen,0.1% bee pollen,0.4% bee pollen were significantly higher than those in natural pollination,which were 1.43 times,1.57 times and 1.21 times of natural pollination,respectively.