| Akebia Decne of lardazabalaceae is a kind of perennial twining woody vine,which mainly includes Akebia quinata（Thunb）Decne and Akebia trifoliatr（Thunb）Koidz.var Australis（Diels）Rehd and Akebia trifoliate（Thunb）Koidz.The whole plant of Akebia Decne can be used as medicine,which has the medicinal effect of anti-cancer,diuretic and drenching,milk passing through,antibacterial and anti-inflammatory.Its peel,pulp and seeds have high medicinal and edible value.The genus is widely distributed in China.In the long evolutionary process,natural selection has promoted rich genetic variation and formed a variety of excellent genetic characters and biological types.At present,the artificial cultivation of Akebia Decne has developed to large-scale direction,but the artificial cultivation germplasm is disordered,the quality and yield of Akebia Decne planted in various regions are uneven,lack of identification and systematic evaluation of cultivated germplasm.In order to select the suitable cultivated products for medicinal,fruit and oil,21 species of Akebia planted in the same habitat and for the same growth period were used as materials to identify the germplasm resources and systematically evaluate the phenological period,yield,flesh and fruit quality,peel medicinal quality and seed oil quality.The results are as follows:1.Identification of Germplasm Resources:Based on the flower structure of 21 accessions,supplemented by leaf type and seed morphology,21 accessions of Akebia Decne included 5 accessions of Akebia quinata（Thunb）Decne（marked as W1～W5）,8 accessions of Akebia trifoliate（Thunb）Koidz and 8 accessions of Akebia trifoliatr（Thunb）Koidz.var.australis（Diels）Rehd（marked as S1～S8 and B1～B8 respectively）.2.Fruit phenology:the total growth period of 21 germplasms ranged from 183 to 210 days.The fruit maturity of Akebia quinata（Thunb）Decne germplasm was in late September,and that of Akebia trifoliate（Thunb）Koidz germplasm was in early October except S3.The fruit maturity of 8 Akebia trifoliatr（Thunb）Koidz.var.australis（Diels）Rehd germplasms was different.It takes about 1-3 days for the fruit of Akebia to soften and crack,but there are some exceptions.On the whole,the growth period of Akebia trifoliate（Thunb）Koidz is long,the mature period is late,and the color fading of young fruit is different from the other two types.3.Fruit yield traits:The single fruit weight of Akebia quinata（Thunb）Decne,Akebia trifoliate（Thunb）Koidz and Akebia trifoliatr（Thunb）Koidz.var.australis（Diels）Rehd were 64.68～103.82 g,70.57～241.21 g and112.56～208.47 g,respectively.The pericarp weight were 34.85～59.34 g,41.73～179.98 g and 58.71～130.98 g,respectively.The percentage of pericarp were 50.88～55.24%,45.58～68.51%and 49.86～60.68%.The flesh weight was 22.42～45.42 g,21.24～66.90 g,37.12～64.58 g,the edible rate was 34.96～41.58%,25.86～41.65%,28.38～35.53%,the seed weight was 6.39～9.92 g,7.41～21.23 g,12.34～25.05 g,the seed percentage was7.53～12.53%,5.82～13.69%,9.53～14.61%,the seed oil content was 37.00～42.91%,33.86～45.02%,40.46～46.41%,The fruit shape index was 2.26～2.34,1.83～2.39 and 2.16～2.59 respectively.The highest intraspecific mean value of above yield indexes was Akebia trifoliatr（Thunb）Koidz.var.australis（Diels）Rehd,and the highest intraspecific variation was Akebia trifoliate（Thunb）Koidz.4.Fruit quality:The fruit moisture content of Akebia quinata（Thunb）Decne,Akebia trifoliate（Thun b）Koidz and Akebia trifoliatr（Thunb）Koidz.var.australis（Diels）Rehd were 74.46～83.77%,80.42～91.47%and 74.09～84.47%respectively.The pulp was high in sugar and low in acid（soluble sugar was 9.36～13.39%,9.53～13.54%,10.43～16.19%;titratable acid was 0.06～0.10%,0.07～0.14%,0.04～0.14%）,and the s ugar acid ratio was relatively high（91.95～199.74,83.79～189.91,110.61～212.99）.In the flesh of Akebia q uinata（Thunb）Decne germplasm,the total sugar content was 144.85～226.30 mg?g-1,the reducing sugar c ontent was 45.15～75.28 mg?g-1,the protein content was 14.57～19.58 mg?g-1,the total starch content was 10.70～19.14 mg?g-1,and the amylopectin to amylose ratio was 0.08～0.79.In the pulp of Akebia trifoliate（Th unb）Koidz germplasm,the content of total sugar was 125.79～173.22 mg?g-1,reducing sugar was 51.59～86.32 mg?g-1,protein was 9.83～22.53 mg?g-1,total starch was 2.15～13.12 mg?g-1,and the amylopectin to amyl ose ratio was 0.99～1.61.However,starch was not detected in a few germplasms.The total sugar content of the pulp of Akebia trifoliatr（Thunb）Koidz.var.australis（Diels）Rehd pass germplasm was 135.93～239.65 mg?g-1,the reduced sugar was 55.78～77.46 mg?g-1,the protein was 11.46～21.87 mg?g-1,the total sta rch was 4.85～64.79 mg?g-1,and the amylopectin to amylose ratio was 1.13～2.11.The fruit pulp of Akebia decne is high in potassium and low in sodium(the contents of potassium are 6.10～9.46 g?kg-1,6.65～14.53 g?kg-1,6.65～11.03 g?kg-1,respectively;the contents of sodium are 0.15～2.28 g?kg-1,0.22～1.83 g?kg-1,1.63～2.21 g?kg-1,respectively).The fruit pulp of Akebia is rich in trace elements,such as Cu,Fe,Mn,Zn a nd Sr,the content of trace elements in the pulp of Akebia quinata（Thunb）Decne germplasm is 106.50～150.60 mg?kg-1,that of Akebia trifoliate（Thunb）Koidz germplasm is 84.94～164.17 mg?kg-1,that of Akebia trifoliatr（Thunb）Koidz.var.australis（Diels）Rehd germplasm is 82.93～172.46 mg?kg-1.However,the co ntent and types of amino acids were not outstanding.Only 11 kinds of free amino acids were found in t he Germplasm with the most free amino acids,and the total amount was only 19.70 mg?g-1.The yield an d quality of 21 germplasms were evaluated by principal component analysi s and grey correlation analysis.The results showed that B2,B4～B8,W4 and S8 had better comprehensive quality.However,B6～B8 was not ideal according to the appearance and color of fruit,which could be considered as raw materials for deep processing products.W4 had a light acid odor in addition to its poor appearance.Therefore,B2,B4-5 and S8 can be used as fruit because of their superior appearance and internal quality,while B6-8 can be considered to develop into deep processing industry.5.Medicinal quality of pericarp:The higher content of flavonoids（0.24～2.76%,0.15～2.19%,0.87～11.17%）,pectin（4.96～7.32%,3.09～4.96%,6.51～11.71%）and?-Ivy saponin（0.73～3.18%,0.35～3.81%,0.12～2.82%）in the pericarp of 21 accessions,while the lower content of polysaccharide（0.31～0.36%,0.18～36%、0.30～0.40%）.Some germplasm did not detect the content of xylophenyl glycoside B and oleanolic acid,and the highest content was less than 1.2%.The results of principal component analysis showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the first three principal components was 83.164%.In the ranking of comprehensive score,Akebia Germplasms（B2～B8）ranked in the top;the better germplasms obtained by grey weighted correlation analysis were also B2～B8,but there was a slight difference with the ranking of principal component analysis.Akebia trifoliatr（Thunb）Koidz.var.australis（Diels）Rehd germplasms（B2～B8）had better comprehensive quality of pericarp,which was suitable for development and promotion plant.6.Seed oil quality:When the seeds were placed at room temperature for about half a year,the acid value of three kinds of Akebia seed oil were 6.23～11.72 KOHmg?g-1,6.00～11.00 KOHmg?g-1,2.64～10.38 KOHmg?g-1,respectively.The peroxide value is 0.13～0.27 g?100g-1,0.16～0.38 g?100g-1,0.03～0.15 g?100g-1.Iodine value is47.33～78.55 g?100g-1,54.95～81.85 g?100g-1,68.02～76.27 g?100g-1.Saponification values were 269.26～280.32KOHmg?g-1,237.87～244.38 KOHmg?g-1,240.90～281.53 KOHmg?g-1,respectively.The content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil of Magnolia is higher(the content of unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil of three species of Akebia is 55.37～64.68%,54.71～62.01%,45.75～66.17%,the main unsaturated fatty acids are oleic acid and linoleic acid,while the total amount of saturated fatty acids in 21 germplasm is less than 19%.The superior germplasm obtained by principal component analysis and grey weighted correlation analysis were Akebia trifoliatr（Thunb）Koidz.var.australis（Diels）Rehd（B1～B8）.Meanwhile,S6 and S8 of Akebia trifoliate（Thunb）Koidz germplasm ranked above the middle in the two kinds of analysis,which is also worthy of development and utilization.6.Correlation and phenotypic diversity:the correlation results showed that there were certain correlations among yield indexes,quality indexes and between yield and quality indexes.And through the correlation analysis of yield indicators,it was found that the higher the single fruit wei ght,the more the peel and seed,the lower the edible rate;while the higher the fruit shape index,the higher the oil content.Through the correlation between yield and comprehensive quality,it was found that the seed oil quality and pulp quality of the fruit with large single fruit weight,long fruit shape and thick peel were better,and the contents of medicinal components and pectin in the peel were also higher.The results of diversity analysis showed that among the qualitative character,only fruit color and shape had high diversity,Shannon index（H?）was 2.75～3.29;H?of 14 yield traits were 2.45～2.91;in pulp quality,H?of amino acids was smaller,while H?of most other indicators was more than 2.4.H?of peel quality index were1.72-2.79.The CV values of palmitic acid and saponification value and H?of seed oil quality indexes were small,the CV values of other indexes were 12.33～119.20%,and H?were 2.18～2.89.The R-type cluster reduced 35indexes to 18 indexes.After Q-type cluster analysis of 18 indexes,four groups were obtained.Among them,group I（B2～B8）showed better comprehensive performance,which was consistent with the results of comprehensive analysis.The main characteristics were that the single fruit weight was larger（177.53g）,the seed oil content was higher（43.67%）,and the total sugar content in pulp was higher（213.29g）The content of?-Ivy saponin（2.30%）,xylitonin B（0.35%）and pectin（9.53%）in the pericarp were higher.Q-type clustering also found that there should be heterozygotes in the selected germplasm.Therefore,in order to comprehensively and accurately grasp the genetic background of Akebia germplasm resources,it is necessary to further study from the DNA level,so that the phenotypic diversity and genotype diversity can be mutually confirmed,so as to provide a reference for its genetic evolution. |
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