| Soil fertility represents the comprehensive productivity of the soil and is an important foundation for the high yield and quality of apples.In this study,105 Red Fuji apple orchards in the Jiaodong Peninsula production area were used as the research object.The soil nutrients,leaf nutrition,and apple yield and quality of the orchard were investigated and determined.Based on this,the relationship between soil nutrients and the growth and development of fruit trees as well as fruit yield and quality was analyzed.The relationship between apple production and quality improvement is preliminarily discussed,which provides a theoretical basis for soil management and rational and scientific fertilization in orchards,which is of great significance to promote the healthy and sustainable development of the apple industry.The main research results and conclusions are as follows:1.Current status of fertilization in Jiaodong apple orchards:The main types of fertilization in Jiaodong Peninsula apple orchards are chemical fertilizers,with a small proportion of organic fertilizers.The annual input of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers per hectare of orchard is 634.8 kg,572.6 kg,595.8 kg,and the ratio is 1:0.90:0.94.There is little difference in fertilization behavior of fruit growers.58.3%of fruit growers apply fertilizer 4-5 times a year,and the fertilization method is mostly furrow application and water-spreading.2.Soil nutrient status of Jiaodong apple orchard:The average soil p H of Jiaodong apple orchard is 5.65;the average organic matter content is 1.25%,and the samples with content less than 1.0%account for 37.1%.The average soil alkaline nitrogen content was 117.87mg·kg-1,samples with a content greater than 100 mg·kg-1 accounted for 61.9%,and samples with a content less than 70 mg·kg-1 accounted for 15.3%;the average soil available phosphorus content was 68.17 mg·kg-1,samples with a content greater than 50 mg·kg-1accounted for 55.2%,samples with a content less than 20 mg·kg-1 accounted for 10.5%;the average soil available potassium content was 158.76 mg·kg-1,and the content was greater than 200 mg·Kg-1 samples accounted for 29.5%,and samples with a content of less than 100mg·kg-1 accounted for 30.5%.The soil quality is characterized by low organic matter content,high content of alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus,and appropriate content of available potassium.3.The nutrient status of different soil layers in Jiaodong apple orchard:The average p H value,organic matter,alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium content of 0-20 cm soil layer are 5.9,1.38%,114.11 mg·kg-1,105.51 mg·kg-1,respectively,205.08 mg·kg-1;the average content of p H,organic matter,alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen,available phosphorus,and available potassium in the soil layer of 20-40 cm are 5.51,1.20%,91.32 mg·kg-1,99.22 mg·kg-1,respectively,176.88 mg·kg-1.0-20 cm soil layer organic matter,alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen,available phosphorus,and available potassium content are significantly higher than the 20-40 cm soil layer.The soil bulk density,soil moisture content,and soil porosity of the orchard were 1.36 g·cm-3,12.97%,and 48.64%,respectively.4.The nutritional status of leaves in Jiaodong apple orchard:The average N,P,and K contents of Jiaodong apple leaves were 1.75%,0.12%,and 1.73%,respectively.The main problem of low content of N and P in leaves.The samples with leaf N content less than 2.0%accounted for 58.1%,and the samples with moderate content accounted for 29.5%;the samples with leaf P content less than 0.15%accounted for 74.3%,and the samples with moderate content accounted for 20.0%.The content of K in leaves is relatively rich,and samples with a moderate content and a content greater than 2.0%account for 61.9%and26.7%,respectively.5.Fruit quality status of Penglai Apple Orchard:The fruit weight of Jiaodong Orchard is227.39 g-272.75 g,with an average of 253.27 g;the average fruit hardness is 8.15 kg·cm-2,and its range is 7.73 kg·cm-2-8.37 kg·cm-2;the average fruit shape index is 0.867 and the range is 0.833-0.892;the average soluble solid content is 14.92%,and the range is13.72%-16.21%;the average soluble sugar content is 13.41%,and the range is12.12%-14.90%;The average titratable acid content is 0.26%,and its range is 0.22%-0.31%.6.Correlation between soil nutrients and leaf nutrition:Most of the correlations between soil nutrients have reached a very significant level,except that the correlation between available phosphorus and available potassium is not significant.The results of correlation analysis of leaf nutrient element content showed that leaf N content and leaf K content were extremely significantly positively correlated;leaf N content and leaf P content,and leaf P content and leaf K content were extremely significantly negatively correlated.Soil p H value is extremely significantly positively correlated with leaf N and K content,and extremely significantly negatively correlated with leaf P content;soil organic matter content is extremely significantly negatively correlated with leaf N and P content;leaf N content,P content,The content of K was significantly positively correlated with the content of soil available nitrogen and available potassium,and was significantly negatively correlated with the content of soil available phosphorus.7.The correlation between soil nutrients,leaf nutrition and fruit quality:Apple orchard soil organic matter,available N,P,and K nutrient content,and leaf N,P,and K content are extremely significantly correlated with the internal and external quality indicators of apples.Apple fruit weight,soluble solid content,and soluble sugar content are all significantly positively correlated with orchard soil’s alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen,available phosphorus,available potassium content,and organic matter content;the p H value of apple orchard soil is correlated with fruit single fruit weight and titratable acid content There was a very significant positive correlation,and a very significant negative correlation with the fruit shape index and fruit hardness.Apple leaf N content was significantly positively correlated with fruit weight,fruit firmness,soluble solid content,and soluble sugar content,and significantly negatively correlated with fruit shape index and titratable acid content;apple leaf P content and K content were both significantly correlated with Apple fruit hardness and titratable acid content are extremely significantly negatively correlated,and are extremely significantly positively correlated with apple fruit weight,fruit shape index,soluble solid content,and soluble sugar content.8.The relationship between soil nutrients and fruit yield in apple orchards of different ages.The soil organic matter content of apple orchards in Jiaodong apple production areas<10 years and 10-20 years were positively correlated with yield.When the content of soil alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium of apple orchard less than 10 years old is less than 120 mg·kg-1,100 mg·kg-1,and 200 mg·kg-1,the soil available nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium Nutrients and yield are positively correlated,and when the above values are exceeded,the two are negatively correlated.When the content of alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium in the apple orchard soil of 10-20 years old is less than 170 mg·kg-1,150 mg·kg-1,and 250 mg·kg-1,the soil available nitrogen and phosphorus Potassium nutrient is positively correlated with yield,and when it exceeds the above value,the two are negatively correlated. |
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