| A large amount of mushroom residue was produced during the production of chestnut mushrooms in Qianxi area,Hebei Province.Recycling it can reduce the waste of resources and the pollution caused by the accumulation of mushroom residue to the environment.This measure is of great significance for the recycling of agricultural waste.The purpose of this study is to explore the feasibility of returning chestnut mushroom residue to the field.This study is to provide a theoretical basis for reducing environmental pollution and improving the sustainable cultivation model of chestnut.The subjects of this study were the current seedlings of chestnut and the 6a grafted trees of chestnut in Qianxi County,Hebei Province.In this study,a single-factor completely randomized block design was used,and four gradients of mushroom residue returning to the field were set according to the volume ratio of mushroom residue to soil,0%（T1）,33%（T2）,50%（T3）,67%（T4）.This study investigated the effects of chestnut mushroom residue on chestnut seedlings and seedling bed soil.In this study,a two-factor randomized block test design was adopted,with 4 levels of mushroom residue returning to the field(0,4250,6375 and 8500kg·hm-2)and 4 levels of fertilizer application(0,350,525 and 700 kg·hm-2).In this study,the effects of combined application of chestnut mushroom residue and reduced fertilizer on soil nutrients,soil enzyme activity,and fruit yield and quality of chestnut orchards were studied.The results of the research showed:1.Returning mushroom residue to the field significantly improved the soil nutrient status of the seedbed,increased soil enzyme activity,p H and EC values,and reduced soil bulk density.In the first year of treatment,the soil p H and EC values were too high at T4,7.28 and 1.48 m S·cm-1,respectively.This was not conducive to the growth of seedlings,but the situation eased the following year.In the first year of T4 treatment,the contents of soil organic matter,total nitrogen,alkali-decomposed nitrogen,available phosphorus,and available potassium were significantly higher than other treatments（P<0.05）.The above indicators of this treatment are significantly improved by 134.41%,83.61%,34.72%,41.93%,33.00%compared with the control.The return of mushroom residue increased the soil microbial carbon content and promoted mycorrhizal formation.Among them,the rhizosphere soil microbial carbon and mycorrhizal infection rate of T3 treatment of were the highest,which was 49.83%and 72.76%higher than the control.2.The proper amount of mushroom residue returned to the field（the treatment of returning 33%and 50%of the field）improved the seedling height,leaf SPAD,and leaf area of the seedlings,promoted the growth of seedling roots,and significantly improved the length,surface area,and volume of the roots.However,the biomass of seedlings of T4treatment showed a downward trend.In the second year of treatment,the biomass and total root length of the aboveground and underground parts were the highest in the second year of treatment,which were 16.92%,27.17%,and 49.00%higher than the control.Mushroom residue returning to the field improved the photosynthetic rate of seedlings.Compared with the control,the 50%treatment of the mushroom residue returning to the field increased the photosynthetic rate by 25.92%.Therefore,under this test condition,the 50%return rate was more appropriate.3.The return of chestnut mushroom residue and the application of slow-release fertilizer played a role in fertilizing the soil.After two years of experiment,the treatment of mushroom residue with an application amount of 8,500 kg·hm-2 and a slow-release fertilizer application of 700 kg·hm-2 has significantly higher soil organic matter and available phosphorus content than other treatments;when the application amount of mushroom residue is 8500kg·hm-2,the total nitrogen,alkali-decomposed nitrogen and available potassium contents of the treated soil with the application amount of slow-release fertilizer of 525 and 700kg·hm-2 were the highest;compared with the control,the application amount of mushroom residue 8500kg·hm-2 and the slow-release fertilizer application amount of 525kg·hm-2were increased by 64.20%,124.71%,26.53%.4.The content of fat,starch,protein and soluble sugar in chestnut fruit after the application of mushroom residue and slow-release fertilizer were all increased.When the amount of mushroom residue was 8500kg·hm-2,the yield and quality of the fruits with slow-release fertilizer application of 525 and 700kg·hm-2 were excellent,and the performance was stable within two years,which can achieve stable yield increase;among them,in the second year,the content of fat,starch,and protein in the treatment with the application amount of 525 kg·hm-2 of slow-release fertilizer was the highest,which was increased by 16.98%,34.45%,and 35.41%compared with the control.5.This study conducted a comprehensive evaluation of different treatments by principal component analysis.F3M3 treatment performed best,followed by F2M3.There was no significant difference in the indexes of soil properties and result characteristics between the two treatments.Therefore,under this test condition,the application amount of slow-release fertilizer was 525kg·hm-2,and the application amount of mushroom residue was 8500kg·hm-2 is more suitable.Under the premise of ensuring increased yield and improved quality,this treatment can achieve the purpose of reducing the application of slow-release fertilizer.6.Through stepwise regression analysis and path analysis,this study found that the yield of chestnut was mainly affected by the soil alkaline nitrogen content,organic matter content,available potassium content and catalase activity.Among them,alkali nitrogen was the main decision variable.Therefore,in the later stage of the chestnut fertilization experiment,follow-up related research can focused on the above four indicators.And the future yield research can be carried out mainly by increasing the soil alkaline nitrogen. |
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