| Phthalic acid esters(PAEs)as an important plasticizer was widely used in industrial and agricultural production and daily life.It was mainly harmful to human health through nondietary exposure such as oral ingestion,dermal absorption and inhalation.The industry standards and specifications were developed at home and abroad.The study showed that exposure to PAEs might increase the possibility of allergy,asthma and growth.Health risk has been widely concerned by society.The analysis of the environments including home,office,kindergarten,classroom and dormitory of adults and preschool children were mainly conducted in the previous studies.The pollution characteristics and exposure assessment of the environments of pupils have not been studied.Therefore,primary schools in the Shizhong District and Licheng District,respectively,in Jinan,Shandong Province,was selected in December 2019.The investigation was conducted for pupils aged 9-11,grade 4,in the bedrooms,living rooms,classrooms and outdoor environments.The pollution characteristics,effecting factors,risk evalution and health effects of PAEs in indoor dust were analyzed for the results.Our study was aimed at improving further researches,establishing the production standards in China,and exploring valuable strategies to reduce the hazards to pupils.We analyzed the pollution characteristics of 60 fourth grade pupils in homes and schools.13 PAEs were detected in 138 dust samples,and the detection rates of DEP,DBP,DBEP,DCHP,DEHP and Dn OP were 100%.The median concentrations of DEHP were 1892μg/g in homes,1570 μg/g in classrooms,and 332μg/g in schools.DEHP was the predominant PAEs.The dust data didn’t conform to the normal distribution by Shapiro-Wilk test.Spearman analysis and Mann-Whitney U test were tested for PAEs with different conditions.Principal component analysis(PCA)showed that there were five,three and four kinds of sources in the indoor environments of home,classroom and school.The results showe that DMEP concentrations significantly differ between home and classroom(P < 0.05),between classroom and school(P< 0.05)and between bedroom and living room(P < 0.05).The DEHP concentration was significantly different between boys’ and girls’ bedrooms(P < 0.05);the concentration of Dn OP was significantly different between urban and suburban bedrooms(P < 0.05),and the concentration of DBP was significantly different between urban and suburban schools(P <0.05).The investigation through 58 valid questionnaires has factors that may affect the concentrations of PAEs in indoor dust.We need analyze the correlation between the PAEs concentrations and the influencing factors.The results showed that five factors including annual incomes,districts,years of the building,floor materials,and PM2.5 concentrations had significant difference on PAEs concentrations(P<0.05).The lower years of the building had been built,the higher DEP concentration;the higher indoor PM2.5 concentration,the higher DBP concentration;the higher DNHP concentration,the higher DNHP concentration.In this study,exposure assessment model was established to calculate the PAEs concentration and individual exposure which were based on the octanol-air partition coefficient(Koa).Bsed on parameters for children in my country,we estimated the concentrations and exposures through oral ingestion,dermal absorption and inhalation using Monte-Carlo simulations.The average distribution of individual exposure and population exposure is consistent.A carcinogenic risk assessment was conducted for DEHP.The CR value of DEHP for children is 4.35×10-5-3.33×10-4 in homes,1.29×10-5-1.50×10-5 in classrooms,5.64×10-5-3.48×10-4 in both two environments.Binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between PAEs exposure and blood pressure,Fe NO,lung function,obesity and respiratory diseases.The logistic regression results after adjusting for confounding factors showed that the higher the exposure,the more possible the children suffered from respiratory diseases. |
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