| The belt of copper mine of the Yangtze River is one of the earliest areas in China to smelt copper oxide ore,which is of great significance to the study of metallurgical archaeology in China.This paper mainly pays attention to the ore blending technology of mining and metallurgy sites in this area.Through geological data,combined with the discovery of mining and metallurgy sites in this area,it is summed up that there are three major mining areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River copper mining belt.Using X-ray diffraction instrument,X-ray fluorescence analyzer,polarizing microscope and inductively coupled atomic emission spectroscopic analyzer,the composition and structure of 10 ore samples unearthed from Yangxin Road Paving Site,Tongling New Area Site and Guichi Copper Mountain Brand Site were analyzed,and the results showed that the ore used in the three smelting sites belonged to iron cap-type copper oxide ore,zircon-type copper oxide ore and stone-type copper oxide ore.At the same time,19 samples of slag from the Yangxin Road Paving Site,Tongling New Area Site and Guichi Copper Mountain Brand Site were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence analyzers and inductively coupled atomic emission spectroscopy analyzers.Statistical methods were used to analyze the oxide composition of 19 samples and found that they could be divided into two major systems:iron-silicon calcium system and high-iron low calcium system.The slag before the Shang Dynasty from Yangxin Road paving site is iron and silicon calcium system,the Zhou dynasty slag from Yangxin Road paving site is high-iron low calcium system.The Han-Tang period slag found at the site of the New Area of Tongling belongs to the high-iron low calcium system,but the content of silicon elements is concentrated at about 20%,and it is speculated that the smelters from Tongling at that time were able to accurately control the content of silicon in the slag.Tang Dynasty Guichi copper mountain brand site unearthed slag belongs to the iron-silicon calcium system.On the basis of the above-mentioned research,this paper combines modern mineral ore blending theory and method,tries to establish the standard and theory of ancient ore blending technology,and according to the relevant mineral theory,discusses the ore blending technology that may be involved in the Yangxin Road Paving Site,Tongling New Area Site and Guichi Copper Mountain Brand Site,and draws the conclusions:(1)Yangxin Road Paving site in the pre-Shang period has not mastered the ore blending technology,in the Zhou dynasty began to use iron ore as a melting agent for the ore blending,but did not understand the risks of excessive iron fuse.(2)In the Han and Tang periods,the ruins of the New Area of Tongling were precisely controlled by adding quartz sand to accurately control the quartz content of slag,and continued the tradition of no more than 25%SiO2 in the Zhou period of Yangxin.At the same time,the content of iron oxide in the slag continued to remain at a high level.In addition,the ore used at the site contains a very high sulfur content and is a mixture of oxidation and vulcanized ore.However,the rapid decline in sulfur content of slag indicates that the process of desulfurization of roasted vulcanized ore may have been used at that time,which is an indirect ore blending behavior.(3)Guichi copper mountain brand site is an integrated site of mining and smelting in the Tang Dynasty,the ore is rich in the type of fuse,especially the calcium content of the ore up to 30%,belongs to quartz-calcium-calcium vein-type ore,so there is no need to optimize ore blending.But the increase in Al2O3 content suggests that kaolin may have been used for the distribution of ore at that time,which is a new attempt by the Tang Dynasty coppersmiths in the ore blending technology. |
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