| Water resources are scarce in inland arid and semi-arid areas.It is necessary to handle the water balance before utilizing water resources and managing environmental water demand in a rational way.Based on multiple remote sensing data,this study investigated water cycle elements and water balance relationships in the Kaidu-Kongqi River Basin,Xinjiang Autonomous Region,to determine the temporal and spatial characteristics of precipitation,evapotranspiration,and water storage,as well as to analyze groundwater circulation fluxes in the Yanqi Basin and Kongqi River Basin.Precipitation is an input force driving the terrestrial water cycle.This study collected and analyzed multiple precipitation data products in the study area,including meteorological station data,raster data from the Institute of Geography of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(IGCAS),and two remote sensing data from TRMM and GPM.Considering the effect of elevation,the meteorological station data is interpolated to generate raster data of mean annual precipitation with the resolution of 1 km,which can be used to evaluate other data sources.Results show that the IGCAS data has the strongest correlation with the meteorological station data,but is relatively higher;TRMM and GPM data are generally lower.After correction,TRMM data was used to study the relationship between annual precipitation and runoff at the basin scale.It was found that the cumulative precipitation and cumulative runoff in the Kaidu River Basin maintained a good linear relationship from 2000 to 2019,indicating that the underlying surface of this basin has not changed significantly.Evapotranspiration is the major output element of the terrestrial water cycle.This study collected and analyzed the pan evaporation data from meteorological stations,the global remote sensing model data MOD16 and the land surface flux model data GLEAM for the study area.For mountain river basins,the Budyko model was used to analyze the mean annual evapotranspiration,and the catchment parameter reflecting the underlying surface were identified using Fu's formula.Then,the annual evapotranspirations in the Kaidu River Basin and Huangshuigou River Basin were reconstructed,and compared with MOD16A2 and GLEAM data,prompting the author to develop a correction method for the raster data products.For the oasis area,MOD16A2 was corrected by the cropland's ratio method and the crop coefficient method.The corrected evapotranspiration data can be used to assess runoff in areas without hydrological data.On this basis,groundwater circulation fluxes in the Yanqi River Basin and Kongqi River Basin were assessed by using the water balance formulas of surface water and groundwater.Results show that the mean annual groundwater lateral inflow from the piedmont of the Yanqi Basin is 326 million m~3/a,and the mean annual groundwater recharge from river leakage is 765 million m~3/a;the lateral groundwater inflow from outside of the Kongqi River Basin is 146 million m~3/a.Changes in land water storage are the result of temporal and spatial variations in water cycle fluxes.This study collected and analyzed the global land surface assimilation system data GLDAS for soil water storage and GRACE for land water storage change in the study area.Results show that the soil water and land water reserves in the Tianshan Mountains have been declining for a long time since 2002,which may mainly reflect the decrease in the thickness of glaciers,snow cover and permafrost caused by climate warming.In the central basin area,GRACE data indicates that water reserves have a slower decreasing trend since 2015,while the water level of Bosten Lake was rising.This may be reflected in the contrast between the decline in groundwater storage caused by groundwater extraction and the increase in runoff from mountains.The terrestrial water reserves in the lower reaches of the Tarim Basin,including the Kongqi River,have a tendency to increase year by year,which may be the result of long-term ecological water transportation along the Tarim River. |
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