| This thesis explores the concept of jawanmardi as it is depicted in representative texts of Persian literature dating from the 11th century to the present and analyzes the different models of it that were developed. Through these models, the thesis will determine the ideals of jawanmardi and illustrate how those ideals have persisted in modern Iranian societies.;The three models of jawanmardi analyzed are: the heroic warrior, the spiritual champion, and the professional wrestler. The discussion about the heroic warrior is based on the Iranian national epic, the Shahnama, and the medieval popular romance, Samak-i `Ayyar. This chapter demonstrates how the acquisition of a good reputation is the driving force for the heroic warrior as he plays out his role in society. Even though he must win, his quest for good reputation draws him into situations that challenge his heroism.;The discussion about the spiritual champion is based on medieval Persian treatises on religious jawanmardi and it focuses specifically on the early 16th century treatise, Futuwwat Nama-yi Sult˙&dotbelow;ani by the Persian writer and preacher, H&dotbelow;usain Wa`iz&dotbelow; al-Kashifi (d. 910/1504--5). The chapter demonstrates how proper conduct, which is rooted in the Sufi ethic of self-denial, was regarded as all-important for spiritual jawanmardi. The initiation rites of religious jawanmardi and the professions in society reflected the dialectical relationship between outward conduct and inner spirituality.;The third model, that of the wrestler, is a fusion of the first two models. In what may appear paradoxical, the wrestler seeks to be both a physical and spiritual champion. This is illustrated through the culture of courtesy in the wrestling arena and specifically through the wrestler's stratagem of deferring to his opponent.;The final chapter demonstrates how 20th century Persian prose writers have treated the concept of jawanmardi through their protagonists who struggle to emulate the traditional ideals of jawanmardi in the context of modern-day complexities involving family life and individual identity. |
