Jewish expectations of the shepherd image at the time of Christ

Figures of comparison assist in communicating difficult or unfamiliar concepts through a more familiar “vehicle.” They also have the ability to communicate emotions powerfully. The shepherd/sheep image evokes emotions of peace and well-being (positively) and fear and insecurity (negatively). Accordingly, it occurs in Jewish literature predominantly at times of crisis. The image is common in the ancient world as well. This would suggest that its use reflects a basic human longing for God/the gods and human leaders to provide strong yet compassionate guidance and care.; The thesis of this dissertation is that the progressive use of the shepherd image portrays the coming together of divine and human kingship in the person of the ideal shepherd, Jesus Christ. Jesus perfectly fulfills the desires of Israel's divine Shepherd and Owner and accomplishes what was left unfulfilled by Israel's leaders and in Israel's return from the Exile. The gospel writers have purposefully presented Jesus as fulfilling shepherding expectations related to the New Exodus.; The Jewish people were expecting God to shepherd his people through an ideal Davidic king. His application of justice and wisdom would result in blessing for Israel, as well as light to the nations. The gospels' presentation of Jesus as Israel's shepherd-king is consistent with this expectation, but is adapted because of Jesus' crucifixion.; Of the four gospels, Matthew and John use shepherd/sheep imagery most frequently. In their depictions of Jesus through shepherd imagery, the gospel writers have presented a consistent picture. The shepherd-king was born in Bethlehem. He came to the needy flock of Israel, whom he taught, healed, and provided for. He clashed with the Israel's “bad shepherds.” He began gathering a flock from within Israel and anticipated drawing other “sheep” from the nations. After offering himself to the nation, Jesus was rejected by their leaders. He was “smitten” and the flock scattered. After being regathered, the disciples would function as shepherds. In the future Jesus would come again as the shepherd-king who judges the nations.