The 'hybrid hero' in western dime novels: An analysis of women's gender performance, dress, and identity in the Deadwood Dick series

The purpose of this narrative inquiry was to explore how dress - including cross-dressing and androgynous dress - was used within the Deadwood Dick series to construct meanings about gender and identity. The research was informed by the works of Judith Butler and Erving Goffman and by reflection theory. Data were collected by extracting references to dress within five Deadwood Dick novels featuring Calamity Jane. Analyses revealed overarching themes related to traditionally feminine dress, androgynous dress, and cross-dressing. Transitions in ideological views of 19th century womanhood are reflected in the dime novels' alterations in appearance and gender performance that enabled female characters to act in expanded spheres. Androgyny allowed characters to adopt nontraditional gender identities, giving the freedom to participate in male-dominated contexts. Cross-dressing provided characters a means of navigating temporary changes in space and place. Findings are consistent with real pioneer women's appearance and gender performances, thus supporting reflection theory.