Relationships between spirituality, religiosity, mindfulness, personality, and resilience

This study explored the relationships between three constructs, religiosity, spirituality, and mindfulness, and further evaluated those relationships across the Five Factor Model personality domains, and self-perceived resilience. Using social media, a community sample of 208 participants over the age of 22 were recruited. The adult sample was predominantly female, Caucasian, and well educated. Participants completed the Religious Commitment Inventory, the ASPIRES, the Mindfulness Attention and Awareness Scale, the NEO-FFI, and the Resilience Questionnaire. Pearson Product-Moment correlations were conducted to evaluate relationships between religiosity, spirituality, mindfulness, and the five personality domains. A multiple regression block analysis evaluated the predictive power of religiosity, spirituality, mindfulness, and the five personality domains on the independent construct of resilience. The correlations between religiosity, spirituality, and mindfulness revealed strong associations, with exceptions for mindfulness between religiosity and spirituality. Correlations of these variables with resilience between personality scores revealed strong associations between neuroticism, mindfulness and resilience, moderate to strong correlations for extroversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness between all variables, and non-significant to weak associations for openness between all variables. The linear combination of variables produced a significant regression model for prediction of resilience: five of the eight variables demonstrated significance. Religiosity, spirituality, and agreeableness were not significant. Overall, the results supported the hypotheses of significant associations between religiosity, spirituality, and mindfulness, significant associations between those variables, resilience, and personality, and the overall predictive power of religion, spirituality, mindfulness, and personality on resilience. These results provide confirmatory support for previous research in this area and imply that further research should focus on the specific underlying relationships of the constructs.