Improving efficiencies and modeling a cyclic Suspended Ion Exchange (SIX(c)) drinking water pre-treatment systems

This research focused on three primary components of the Suspended Ion eXchange (SIX(c)) process developed by PWN Water Supply Company North Holland. The first step focused on the resin regeneration procedure. It was shown that the current system could be improved and that reducing the complexity of the system simplified the process and increased the regeneration efficiency. The second step focused on the resin tank contactor hydraulics. It was determined that for the sequential completely mixed reactor design at PWN, high flows with low mixing speed of the overhead paddle mixers led to the most efficient hydraulic regime. The third step focused on the spent resin regeneration solution reuse. It was shown that cyclic ion exchange was possible with SIX(c) and could be feasible achieved with using biological denitrification and nanofiltration only allowing the waste stream to be treated and then directly reused.