| Relying on famers and agricultural-related enterprises to adopt and promote advanced agricultural production technologies,or to improve the efficiency of agricultural resource use and the quality of agricultural products through the improvement of agricultural production and management methods and institutional innovation,which are collectively referred to as "agricultural technological change(ATC)",is one of the most important ways to change the development mode of Chinese agricultural economy and realize the coordinated development of food production,production resources and food security.In the practice of agricultural production,TC is often embodied in various production factors.Since the rate of TC in each factor is usually not equal,the total TC will show a bias towards certain factors.What's more,the speed and direction of TC are significantly different in different agricultural production.Only by comprehensively grasping the speed and direction of TC in an agricultural production can the promotion role of this ATC be played more accurately.However,most studies mistake the TC embodied in production factors as exogenous or Hicks neutral,and pay little attention to the direction of ATC.In this context,scientific accounting of the growth of agricultural total factor productivity(TFP)and accurate measurement of the direction of ATC have important theoretical and practical significance for the development of modern agriculture and the modernization of agriculture and rural areas.In view of this,based on the expansion of the traditional two-element Constant Elasticity of Substitution(CES)production function,the paper builds a three-element nested CES production function including factor-augmenting TC,and reconstructs the calculation of the TFP growth index from the perspective of factor-embodied TC and uses it to determine the TC rate of Chinese crops;at the same time,constructs a TC bias index to examine the direction of ATC.Then,using the input-output data and price data of Chinese rice,wheat,corn,soybeans and peanuts from 1988 to 2016,based on a systematic estimation of TC embodied in each production factor,the paper calculates the TFP growth rate of these five crops and their TC bias index and provides a basis for decision-making to improve the agricultural TFP from the perspective of factor input.Results show that: from 1988 to 2016,first,(KL)S nested structure is more in line with the actual situation of the five crops in China.That is to say,for the combination of capital,labor,and land production factors,capital input is often combined with labor input,which shows that in the practice of agricultural production,the combination of agricultural capital stock and rural labor is closer and more significant.Second,the production efficiency of each element in the five crops is significantly different,among which the production efficiency of capital is decreasing,the production efficiency of labor and land is increasing,and the increase in labor production efficiency is greater than that of land.Third,the average annual growth rates of TFP of rice,wheat,corn,soybean and peanut were 3.3%,3.7%,3.1%,2.3% and 4.5%,respectively,which are greater than those obtained from existing research from the perspective of non-factor embodied TC.This indicates that the traditional accounting method of TFP growth rate,which does not take into account the TC embodied in the factors of production,has some errors.Fourth,the average annual bias index of TC of rice,wheat,corn,soybean and peanut are 3.6376,0.9759,1.8912,4.1635 and 0.9737,which means that soybean and rice have the strongest TC bias degree,corn has the second most TC bias degree,and wheat and peanut have the weakest TC bias degree.Fifth,the five crops have different TC biases.Among them,the TC of rice,wheat and peanut production is manifested as labor use,capital and land conservation,and the TC of corn and soybean production is manifested as capital use,labor and land conservation. |
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