The Clinical Dosage History Of Asarum And Its Toxicity Study

PurposeDetermine through History the understanding ofXixin origin,bad origin,close varieties,processing methods,and toxicity,and the differences between the doses of Xixin used in the historybefore and after the completion of the first literature concerning the dosage limit on the use of Xixin,and explore the causes of those differencesSummarizethe toxic dose and safe dose of XixinMethod1 Data resourceSearch on "Data base of Chinese medicine"the relevant "Materia Medica" literature,and also on paper books.After a slection,a total of 93 books were conform to the requirements In addition,search on "Data base of Chinese medicine" the relevant prescription books literature,and also on paper books.In a total of 47 books,a total of 2,395 eligible prescriptions were collected after selection2 Literature research methodsFirst investigate the first literature concerning the dosage limit on the use of Xixin.Then search and analyze in the representative "Materia Medica" books from the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty the records of Xixin origin,bad origin,varieties,processing methods,and toxicity.In addition,search and analyzein the literature from the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty,the dose pattern of Xixin in decoction including the usual dose range,maximum dose,minimum dose and average dose in different periods3 Data miningInput the data of the selected origin,bad origin,varieties,processing methods and toxicity into Excelon Windows 10,and then output the data and mining it with SPSS17.0.In addition,Input the data of the selected prescriptions into Excel on Windows 10,and then output the data and mining it with SPSS17.0ResultsIn the ancient literature,the origins of Xixin are:Shangu,Huayin,Huashan,Huazhou,Fuxi,Wuwo,Gaoli,Liao,Liaodong,Ji,North,Dongyang Linhai,Nanyang Linhai,Everywhere.Shangu,Huayin,Huashan and Huazhou are more common and appear most frequently.Shangu,Huayin,Huashan,Huazhou,Fuxi,and Wuwo are what nowadays it’s called "Hua Xixin" areas.Gaoli,Liao,Liaodong,Ji and North are the second sights,which are called "North Xixin"(Liao Xixin and Hancheng Xixin).Dongyang Linhai,Nanyang Linhai and other places are rare,and refer to the modern southeast of China(Jiangxi,Zhejiang,Yunnan,etc.)nowadays called "Unrefined Xixin"In the ancient literature,the bad producing areas of Xixin are:Dongyang Linhai,Nanyang Linhai,Jianghuai,Jiangxi,Hunan,Yunnan,South and Everywhere.They all refer to the modern southeast of China(Jiangxi,Zhejiang,Yunnan,etc.),nowadays called "Unrefined Xixin"In the ancient literature,the shape of the original plant of Xixin was described in more detail and consistently.There are also detailed and consistent records of different close varieties of Xixin called "Pseudo-Xinxin" or "Unrefined Xixin".Close varieties of Xixin are Du Heng,Ma Ti Xiang,Gui Du You,Bai Qian,Xu Chang Qing,Bai Wei and Ji Ji,for a total of 7 close varietiesIn the ancient literature,there were not only few methods of processing Xixin,but also fewer during the history.There are:shade drying,sun drying,cut off(cut off the head,cut off the head and soil,cut off the head,cut off the soil and head,must cut the head and the soil.cut off the head),soak one night(with stream water,with melon water,with field melon water,with crop melon water,with vinegar),pulling out the two leaves,dripping on the light,wash(wash out the sand,wash with water,wash out the earth,wash away dust,wash the sand),break into pieces.In the ancient literature,concerning the toxicity of Xixin,"non-toxic"appeared most,the frequency of occurrence is 50.6%;no mention about the toxicitythe frequency of occurrence is 46.6%;"small toxicity" is the least,the frequency of occurrence is 2.6%.In 1092 the"Bencao Bieshuo"is the first to suggest that Xixin may be toxic under special circumstances Later,doctors of the following generations had more arguments about the adverse reactions of Xixin.There are problems with mistakes,errors and misleading.From the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty,the adverse reactions of Xixin were recorded at a frequency of 60%.About the adverse reactions caused by Xixin key point are:"single use",which means the use of a single drug,no other drug to control its toxicity;"powder use"means the use of powder form,and no boiling process,then Xixin cannot exceed "half of a coin-spoon" "half Qian","one Qian","five fen","three to four fen","seven to eight fen",or"several fen".Before the "Bencao Bieshuo",the usual amount of Xixin was 13.8-41.6g,the fluctuation was not significant,and the single dose was far higher than" Xixin cannot exceed one Qian"argument.Throughout the time there was changes in the amount of Xixin,it was used at a high amount in the treatment of cough,phlegm andcold lung.It is also used at high amount in the case of rheumatism and pain syndrome,while the amount for treating other diseases are based on the cause and the nature.Due to the widespread use of boiled powders,the single dose of the drug has dropped significantly.It can be seen that there has been a change in prescription form and dosage before the completion of "Bencao Bieshuo",and this change is likely to be beneficial for discovering toxic drugs and their adverse reactions without decoction.In the "Bencao Bieshuo",Chen Cheng proposed that the careful use of Xixin is only for "raw use","single use" and "powder use".In this study,the analysis of 800 years from the Eastern Han to the Northern Song Dynasty of the amount of Xixin in decoction showed that the dosage was more than the well-known saying that "Xixin cannot exceed one Qian" and more thanl-3g of the "Chinese Herbs Encyclopedia".After the "Bencao Bieshuo",except the Southern Song Dynasty using dosage from the past,JinYuan Dynasty to Ming and Qing Dynasties the usual amount of Xixin was 0.8-3.7g,which was a big change compare to the previous period,and the single dose was the same as"Xixin cannot exceed one Qian" idea.Throughout the time there was changes in the amount of Xixin,it was generally used in the treatment of cough,phlegm,pulmonary abscess,lung cold,rheumatic pain,low back pain,full abdomen,cold hernia syndrome at a small dose,but if using prescriptions from the past then at a high dosage.And used for headaches,and women diseases at a small dosage.Since the use of boiled powder in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was widely used,the amount of decoction reduced and the single dose of the drug decreased.Also,due to the increase and inconsistent description of Xixin adverse rection in the herbal literature,the single dose of Xixin decreased.In this study,the analysis of 800 years from the Southern Song Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty of the amount of Xixin in decoction showed that the dosage was in accordance with the second part of whatLi Shizhen said,"if single use in powder,it cannot exceed one Qian",while ignoring the first part.It was also in line with Chen Cheng and Li Shizhen following generations saying "cannot exceed a Qian","cannot exeed five fen","no more then few fen" and so on,and in line with 1-3g of the "Chinese Herbs Encyclopedia".ConclusionAt the completion of "Bencao Bieshuo",the record did not directly affect the dosage of the useof Xixin in decoction.In fact,the most commonly used range of decoctions from the Han Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty is 13.8-41.6g.During the period from JinYuan Dinasty to Ming and Qing Dynasties,the most commonly used dose range of Xixin is 0.8-3.7g.The dosage of Xixinwas affected and gradually decrease in clinical use due to different factors such as multiple varieties easy to confuse with Xixin,the changes of prescription forms,and doctors mistake and misleading.