| With the development of industrialization and urbanization in China,traditional agriculture is hardly to meet the growing demand for material and spiritual needs.Due to the influence of market and national policies,traditional agriculture has gradually transformed into intensive and ecotype agriculture.Agricultural transformation has strongly intervened in the structure and function of the agro ecosystem,resulting in a series of changes in ecosystem services,which has an important impact on the development of agriculture.Therefore,it is vital to study the impact of agricultural transformation on ecosystem services.At present,the research on ecosystem services is mostly focused on large and medium scale,ignoring the study on the impact of agricultural transformation on ecosystem services on the micro scale.In this paper,combining with GIS technology and statistical method,we measured three different type of agricultural transformation by contrasting three aspects of agricultural structure,modern agricultural technology and farmers' behavior.Qualifying the production function,environmental health,atmospheric regulation,climate regulation and tourism and leisure of ecosystem services in He village,Duling village and Majia village in 1985 and 2016,we also qualitatively analyzed the impact the agricultural transformation on ecosystem services.The purpose of this paper is to address a new way of thinking for micro scale study of agricultural transformation and ecosystem services,and to provide a basis for the sustainable development of agriculture.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)In the process of agricultural transformation in this area,the value of ecosystem services of 'Grain-Vegetable' transition zone(He Village)and 'Grain-Fruit' transition area(Duling Village)has been increasing,and the increase of ecosystem service value caused by the transformation of 'Grain-Vegetable' is greater than that of 'Grain-Fruit"transformation.For the ecological system of 'Grain-Grain' transition area(Majia Village)and its ecological system,the value of-unified services has been greatly reduced,mainly due to the reduction of production function value.From the function of single ecosystem services,the value of economic production function is the largest;the value of environmental purification and climate regulation are rising;the changing trend of carbon release and release of oxygen in different transition regions is different,the change area of 'Grain-Vegetable' is enhanced,and the trend of 'Grain-Fruit' and ' Grain-Grain' transition area are reduced to different degree;The value of tourism and leisure functions showed an increasing trend and became the most increasing value in all single functions.(2)The change in agricultural structure directly leads to the increase in the value of ecosystem services,especially the production function.During 31 years,'Grian-Vegetable' agricultural landscape has changed from the cultivated land into vegetable land.Soil consolidation decreased land area.The increase of agricultural land area and the change of crop production cycle resulted in the significant increase of the value for production function.The land use changed from cultivated land into fruit land in 'Grain-Fruit' type of agricultural transformation.Due to the expropriation by the municipal government,agricultural land area decreased.Adding the high price of fruits,the production function value increased significantly.The agricultural landscape of'Grain-Grain' type of agricultural transformtaion is dominated by cultivated land,although some land is converted into forestland and grassland.Due to the small area,it affects the ecosystem services weakly.Inflation leads to the decline of grain prices and the production function.(3)The level of modern agricultural technology has played a positive role in ecosystem services.During 1985-2016,the proportion of facility agriculture,agricultural machinery rate and effective irrigation rate in the ' Grian-Vegetable'transition zone promoted the transformation of agricultural,effectively enhancing the economic production function;The application of water and fertilizer integration and other technologies promoted the ecological functions of environmental purification,carbon fixation and oxygen release,and 'Grian-Vegetable' is the highest level of modern agricultural science and technology among the three types of transformation.The increasing variety of fruit tree in the 'Grian-Fruit' transformation area,the increase of effective irrigation rate and the proportion of network sales promoted the function of economic production,and the technology of adding film also directly enhanced the function of environmental purification.At the same time,the increasing utilization of agricultural machinery and the use of soil testing formula in the 'Grian-Grain' transition area have directly enhanced the economic production function of agriculture and the ecological functions of carbon release,oxygen release and climate regulation in this area.(4)The impact of farmers' behavior on the ecosystem services is complex.Most of the farmers' behavior aims to promote agricultural production and play an active role in the ecosystem services.The 'Grain-Vegetable' transformation area,the return of labor force,the construction of greenhouse and well irrigation have strengthened the function of economic production,and the use of biological pesticides enhanced the ecological functions of environmental purification.The changes of crop varieties and grapevine bags in the 'Grain-Fruit' transition zone promoted the economic production function,and the garden fence strengthened the recreational and economic function of tourism,but incineration of fallen leaves weakened the ecological functions of carbon fixation and oxygen release.The labor outflow of farmers in the 'Grain-Grain' transition zone has a negative impact on the economic production function,but planting seedlings,recycling garbage promote the ecological functions of environmental purification,carbon fixation and oxygen release.(5)The dynamic mechanism of different types of agricultural transformation is basically the same,which are market and state intervention.Through the support and guidance of the national projects,the government has actively promoted the transformation of extensive traditional agriculture to the intensive and ecotype modern agriculture and promoting the ecological function and production function.In the early and middle stages of the project implementation,despite the weakening of the production function,the agricultural transformation has been further deepened with the deepening of the cooperation between the farmers and the government,and the ecosystem service functions of production and ecology are enhanced.In addition,from the acceptance and application of new agricultural science and technology,or in the way of production behavior,the education level of farmers is generally low and the level of knowledge is not high,which indirectly reduces the overall ecological system service ability of the village.(6)The 'Grain-Vegetable' type is the most mature agricultural transformation,which greatly promotes the functions of the production function and environmental purification of the ecosystem services.'Grain-Fruit' type is the secondary mature agricultural transformation,which has greatly enhanced the production function,but some ecological functions have been weakened slightly.The 'Grain-Grain' type is in the process of agricultural transformation.Its agricultural transformation,especially its production function is weak.The improvement of modern agricultural science and technology has greatly promoted the transformation of agriculture and played a positive role in ecosystem services,especially the production function.However,if the quantity and quality of rural labor can not be guaranteed,the transformation of agriculture will be hindered,and the ecosystem services functions can not be effectively promoted. |
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