Study On Henan Land Transaction In Qing Dynasty

During the Qing dynasty,the development of land transactions in Henan was rapid.During this period,the laws and regulations formulated by the state for various aspects of land sales have been quite complete,and to a certain extent,they have played a restrictive and normative role in land sales.The land policies of the Qing Dynasty encouraged the reclamation.The country distributed a large amount of land to the farmers.In addition,Tuntian and Zhuangtian continued to transform into the fields.The landlords of the bureaucrats invaded the land in large numbers.The proportion of Mintian in the entire land was increasing,and a large amount of land was free.Trading has laid the foundation for the rapid development of land transactions in the Qing Dynasty.During the Qing dynasty,Henan merchants engaged in “agricultural and commercial economy” and attached great importance to agricultural development.They actively participated in land transactions and were keen to purchase farm products,resulting in a large amount of commercial capital being converted into land capital,and land acquisition became increasingly fierce.In the middle and late Qing Dynasty,to a certain extent,the "parental priority" of land transactions has been broken since ancient times,and the degree of land transaction liberalization has been promoted.This is one of the reasons for the rapid development of land transactions in Henan in the middle of the Qing dynasty.During the mid-Qing Dynasty,especially during the Qianlong era,the population increased significantly,the state expanded land reclamation,coupled with social stability,stable operation of the economy,land transactions,the most prosperous,a large number of land sales make the government deed tax revenue quite abundant,but in the late Qing Dynasty,With the impact of the peasant war,the national economy began to decline,and with the widespread use of land white leases,the records of the deed tax in Henan local records in the Qing Dynasty were mostly blank,and land transactions began to slow down.In general,the land transactions in Henan during the early Qing and Qing dynasties were slow to develop in the early and late stages,reaching the peak in the middle of the Qing dynasty.This was also reflected in the Luoyang land title documents of the Qing Dynasty.The types of land titles in the Luoyang area during the Qing Dynasty were varied.A large amount of data shows that the land transactions in the Luoyang area during the Qing period were extremely prosperous.Compared with the Luoyang land titles in the Qing Dynasty,it was found that during the middle Qing period,the economy was prosperous and stable,and the land prices were high.Land prices fell sharply during the late Qing period,reflecting the gradual decline of the late Qing economy.