| In the past few decades,instructional video has been widely used in the field of education,and its quantity and quality have been greatly increased and improved,it has become one of the most popular learning methods.Learners can watch instructional videos on a variety of learning topics through Chinese university MOOC,MOOC China,Netease Open Class,TED and Khan Academy.Therefore,how to improve the quality and effect of instructional videos has become the focus of researchers.As one of the elements of instructional video design,instructor's facial expressions and eye gaze have an important influence on their teaching effect.Through two experiments,this paper explores the effects of instructor's facial expressions and eye gaze on learners' learning in instructional videos.Experiment 1 discussed the effects of instructor's facial expressions(happy vs.neutral)and eye gaze(direct gaze vs.averted gaze)on learners' learning effect,attention allocation,cognitive load and para-social interaction in instructional videos by using eye tracking technology and an intergroup design of two factors.By analyzing the experimental data of 120 participants,the results show that:(1)The instructor's facial expressions and eye gaze interact to affect the learner's learning effect,that is,when the instructor uses direct gaze,the learners who watch the happy facial expression instructional video have a higher learning effect than the learners who watch the neutral facial expression instructional video;However,when the instructor uses averted gaze,there is no significant difference between the learners who watch the happy facial expression instructional video and the learners who watch the neutral facial expression instructional video.(2)The eye movement data show that the instructor's eye gaze has a significant effect to the learners' attention allocation,that is,compared with the instructor's averted gaze instructional video,in instructor's direct gaze instructional video,learners pay more attention to the instructor's head,pay less attention to the teaching content,and have more eye movements between the instructor's head and the teaching content,but there is no significant difference in the effect of attention on the instructor's body.(3)For the cognitive load,the main effect and interaction effect of facial expression and eye gaze are not significant.(4)For the para-social interaction,there is marginal significance in the instructor's eye gaze,that is,the para-social interaction of learners who watch the instructor's direct gaze instructional video is better than those who watch the instructor's averted gaze instructional video.In order to verify whether the conclusion of experiment 1 can be extended to the real instructional video learning environment,experiment 2 was carried out.The experiment is the same as experiment 1,including four kinds of instructional videos.The participants were 129 high school students in four classes,and students in each class watched one kind of instructional videos randomly.Through analyzing the data of learning effect,cognitive load and para-social interaction of the participants,the results show that:(1)The instructor's eye gaze has a significant influence on learners'learning effect,that is,the learners who watch the instructor's direct gaze instructional video have a higher learning effect than the learners who watch the instructor's averted gaze instructional video.(2)For the cognitive load,the main effect and interaction effect of facial expression and eye gaze are not significant.(3)The instructor's eye gaze has a significant influence on learners' para-social interaction,that is,the para-social interaction of learners who watch the instructor's direct gaze instructional video is significantly better than those who watch the instructor's averted gaze instructional video.Through the above two experiments,the following conclusions can be drawn:(1)In the instructional video,the instructor's facial expression and eye gaze affect the learner's learning effect,and the video with the instructor's happy facial expression and direct gaze has the best effect.(2)In the instructional video,the instructor's eye gaze affects the dwell time of the instructor's head and teaching content,but has little influence on the dwell time of the instructor's body,the instructor's direct gaze attracts more attention of learners to instructor's head.(3)In the instructional video,instructor's direct gaze improves the para-social interaction between instructor and learners.Based on the related knowledge of educational technology and psychology,this paper conducts an empirical study on the influence of instructor's facial expressions and eye gaze in instructional videos.The research results have certain reference significance for the design and development of instructional videos:when recording instructional videos,instructors should look directly at the camera with a smile. |
PDF Full Text Request