Organizational Cooperation And Institutional Choice Of Shanshaan Merchants During The Ming And Qing Dynasties

The merchants of Shanxi and Shaanxi emerged as a group of merchants relying on geographical relations during the Ming and Qing dynasties.However,the current research has not received enough attention on the cooperative relationship among the Shanshaan merchants.The study of the organizational cooperation and institutional choice among the Shanshaan merchants during the Ming and Qing dynasties,which is not only of profound historical and theoretical significance,but also of certain practical significance to promote the establishment of modern enterprises in China in accordance with the external environment and their own practical cooperation model,and to promote the sustainable development of new Shanxi merchants and new Shaanxi merchants.This paper uses the methods of historical research and economic research.Through quantitative analysis and statistical analysis,the distribution and quantity of Shanshaan guildhall in Ming and qing dynasties were investigated.On this basis,with the research tools of western economics and game theory,this paper makes an model to analyze the formation and maintenance of the cooperative relationship between the Shanshaan merchants since the Ming and Qing dynasties.And with the approach of new institutional economics,this paper investigating the innovative cooperation model of joint provincial merchants established by Shanshaan merchants,tries to analyze the cooperative relationship of Shanshaan merchants from different angles by combining historical and economic theory.The research content of this paper is innovative.First of all,according to the scope of regional commercial gangs,this paper comprehensively investigated the historical cooperation between different regional commercial gangs in the Ming and Qing dynasties including Shanshaan merchants from the three levels of province,prefecture and county.Thirdly,this paper makes an in-depth study of the specific institutional arrangements formed in the course of the historical cooperation between Shanshaan merchants in the Ming and Qing dynasties from the three aspects of formal institution,informal institution and implementation mechanism.These institutions and mechanisms work together constantly,and finally formed a unique business cooperation model of regional business groups in the Ming and Qing dynasties.The main conclusions of this paper are as follows: In the Ming and Qing dynasties,except for the Shanshaan merchants,there were some cooperative behaviors in other regional business group,but only the Shanshaan merchants cooperated for a long time.The reason for this phenomenon is that the cooperation institution gradually formed in the long-term cooperation of Shanshaan merchants ensured the effective and stable cooperation of Shanshaan merchants in the Ming and Qing dynasties.For the formation of Shanshaan merchants'cooperation,the similar cultural traditions between the merchants of the two provinces played an important role in promoting the cooperation.As part of the cooperation institution of Shanshaan merchants,these cultural traditions provided informal constraints for the merchants of of Shanxi and Shaanxi to deal with their mutual relations.