The Impact Of Minimal-Transparent Frames On Decision-making Bias Which Violate Principle Of Independence

According to classical decision-making theory,decision makers are rational.They stick to the rational choice principles of Coalescing,Independence and Constancy in order to pursue the maximal utility.However,the increasing studies have found that decision makers,affected by various irrelevant factors,often behave in violation of rational principles,which gives rise to decision biases.The decision bias caused by the violation of the principle of independence has an irreplaceable role in promoting the study of decision-making theory.From the perspective of decision-making frame,this paper explores the impact of different decision-making frame types on decision bias caused by the violation of principle of Independence,and proposes that they impose similar influences in risk decision-making and intertemporal choice.This paper divides the decision-making frame into the minimal frames and transparent frame according to the coalescing and splitting of the option branches,and examines the impact of the two decision-making frames on three decision biases caused by violations of principle of independence.The minimal frames is the most concise representation of decisionmaking problems,which to a certain extent will mask the dominant relationship between options;while the transparent frame separates the common results between the options,the more significant the difference are,the more transparent dominant relationship between the options becomes.Most of the existing researches at home and abroad focus on the impact of the above-mentioned frames on bias caused by partial violation of independence principle,however,without further complete discussion;In lack of experimental support,the previous researches only in theory analyzed the impact of minimal-transparent frame on the connection between risk decision-making and intertemporal choice.Therefore,this paper uses three studies to comprehensively examine the impact of the minimalist-transparent frame on three decision bias caused by violation of principles of independence,and provides experimental support for the study of mechanism of connection between risk decision-making and intertemporal choice.Experiment 1 was to test the context dependency of impact of the minimaltransparent framework on bias caused by the violation of stochastic dominance.It used 3(scenario type: acquisition scenario,loss scenario,mixed scenario)× 2(frame type: minimal frame,transparent frame)two-factor mixed design where the scenario type was a within-group variable,the frame type was a between-group variable,and the dependent variable was the score of choice willingness on the 7-point scale.Experiment 2,consisting of two sub-experiments,explored the impact of the minimal-transparent frame on the common outcome effect in risk decision-making and intertemporal choice.Experiment 2a explored the impact of the minimal-transparent frame on the risk common outcome effect using 2(whether adding risk common results: no common results,with common results)× 2(frame type: minimal frame,transparent frame)twofactor mixed design.Whether to add a common result was a within-group variable,the frame type was a between-group variable,and the dependent variable was score of choice willingness on the 7-point scale.Experiment 2b examined the effect of the minimal-transparent frame on the temporal common outcome effect using 2(whether to add temporal common results: no common results,common results)× 2(frame type: Minimal frame,Transparent frame)two-factor mixed design.Whether to add a common result was a within-group variable,the frame type was a between-group variable,and the dependent variable was the same as experiment 2a.Experiment 3,consisting of two sub-experiments,explored the impact of the minimal-transparent frame on the decoy effect in risk decision-making and intertemporal choice.Experiment 3a examined the impact of the minimal-transparent frame on risky decoy effect using 2(with or without risky decoy option: no decoy,with decoy)× 2(frame type: minimal frame,transparent frame)two-factor within-group design.The dependent variable was the score of choice willingness on the 7-point scale.Experiment 3b examined the effect of the minimaltransparent frame on the temporal decoy effect using 2(with or without time decoy option: no decoy,with decoy)× 2(frame type: minimal frame,transparent frame)twofactor between-group design.The dependent variable was the same as experiment 3a.Through the above experiments,the following conclusions could be drawn:(1)The minimal-transparent frame has a significant impact on the bias caused by violation of stochastic dominance.Participants showed obvious bias under the minimal frame,but it was smaller under transparent frame.Such effect depended on the scenario type,to be precise,loss scenario was larger than others.(2)Adding common outcome in the minimal frame reversed the subjects' choices and gave rise to the risk and time common outcome effect,while under the transparent frame it imposed smaller influence.The common outcome effect was smaller than that under minimal frame.(3)Adding a decoy option in the minimal frame reversed the subjects' choice and gave rise to risky and temporal decoy effects.However,under the transparent frame it had less influence on the choice,and the decoy effect was significantly weakened.(4)Minimal-Transparent frame had similar effects on the decision bias caused by violation of independence principle in both risk and time dimension,therefore two domains might contain similar psychological processes.