The Wisdom Theory And Evaluation Research Of College Students

Wisdom,a good quality pursued by human beings,has attracted more and more attention with the development of society and the improvement of people’s living standard in recent years,and is also one of the hot topics in psychological research.At present,the study of wisdom in psychology focuses on the definition and structure of wisdom,the type of wisdom,the method of wisdom measurement and the relationship with other related variables.There are two main orientations in the field of psychology:implicit theory and explicit theory.The research orientation of implicit theory is that researchers want to understand the ideas or psychological signs（archetypes）that people usually hold in their minds about"wisdom"（or"wise people"）and its purpose is to reveal the common people’s understanding of the concept of wisdom;explicit theoretical research orientation is the wisdom theory put forward by psychological experts or experts in related fields according to the results of previous studies,after systematic and in-depth thinking.This study adopts the implicit research orientation,based on the traditional culture perspective of China,mainly takes the college students as the research object,and empirically studies their understanding of"wisdom"（or"wise man"）.According to the different contents of the research,this subject can be divided into three parts:the exploration of wisdom theory,the compilation of college students’wisdom questionnaire and the evaluation of college students’wisdom status.Research one for wisdom theory exploration.This study attempts to analyze and comb the literature on the understanding of wisdom in the field of philosophy and religion,the concept of wisdom,the theoretical study of wisdom,the dimension of wisdom,the classification of wisdom,the measurement of wisdom,the development course and the influencing factors of wisdom,and puts forward new concepts and dimensions of wisdom in combination with the opinions and suggestions of mentors and personal thinking,which is the purpose of this study.Wisdom can be understood as a comprehensive psychological quality,which involves people’s cognition,emotion,will（motivation）,personality and problem solving,which is based on the external environment and knowledge and experience.A kind of advanced psychological quality and behavior pattern developed through social practice which has insight into the mechanism of things,thoroughly grasps the existing"world"system and pursues the inner spiritual level.At the same time,integrating the previous research results on wisdom,we think that the dimension of wisdom at least can be divided into five parts:cognition,interpersonal emotion,rational thinking,problem solving and personality quality.The second study is the compilation of the wisdom questionnaire for college students.According to the theoretical conception,the questionnaire can be further divided into three steps because of the implicit research orientation:1.A study for the collection of characteristic words of"wisdom"（or"wise man"）in college students.The purpose of this study is to collect as many characteristic words as possible in the minds of college students about the views of"wisdom"（or"wise man"）,and to analyze,organize,statistics,classify and encode these descriptive words.A total of 968profiles were collected from 100 college students using open questionnaires（95 questionnaires recycled）.The first 40 wisdom descriptors were counted.All descriptors are analyzed and sorted,and 16secondary codes and six primary codes are extracted.Six of the first-level codes are:pleasant personality quality,rich knowledge experience,effective problem solving,good thinking quality,open-minded attitude to life and harmonious interpersonal and social.It is worth pointing out that the open-minded attitude towards life is a dimension that has not been found in theoretical research,which indicates that this dimension is probably closely related to our culture,and the other dimensions can be roughly consistent with the theoretical conception.2.A questionnaire study on the close（important）relation evaluation of"wisdom"characteristic words.On the basis of the previous study,the first 40 high-frequency word descriptors were added from the literature to form an extended version of college students’"wisdom"（or"wise"）characteristic words close（important）assessment questionnaire.The random survey of 300 college students（252 valid questionnaires）showed the relative importance of these descriptors relative to"wisdom"in a direct way（word frequency statistics as indirect）using averages.The results show that:（1）by adopting 7 points,the average of all these"wisdom"descriptors more than 4 points,and even most（67.3%）of the descriptors scored more than 5 points,indicating that these words are more closely related to wisdom;（2）those often thought of don’t necessarily represent the essence of wisdom by scoring the most characteristic words that belong to the quality of thinking,such as"foresight","ability to think from multiple angles","overall sense"and"diligent thinking".3.The formal compilation of the College Student Wisdom Questionnaire.According to the above research,combined with the reference wisdom related questionnaire,the initial questionnaire of 70questions was compiled.The questionnaire was discussed by individual tutors and several graduate students to investigate the quality of the questionnaire project.This questionnaire randomly investigated 800college students（728 valid questionnaires）.After project analysis,exploratory factor analysis（N₁=304,KMO=0.822,χ²=1068.544,p<0.001）and confirmatory factor analysis（N₂=423,χ²/d_f=2.36,RMR=0.04,RMSEA=0.06,GFI=0.94,AGFI=0.92,IFI=0.92,TLI=0.90&CFI=0.92）,the final questionnaire with 15 questions in four dimensions was retained.The four dimensions of the questionnaire are:problem solving dimension,thinking quality dimension,personality quality dimension and attitude dimension.The results of measurement show that the reliability and validity indexes of the questionnaire are good and can be used as a brief tool to measure the wisdom of college students.Research three is the study of the wisdom of college students.It is based on the questionnaire compiled by the second study to measure the wisdom of college students.A total of 400 college students（385 valid questionnaires）were randomly investigated in this study to examine the differences in wisdom scores in gender,grade,specialty and origin.The results showed that:（1）there was no significant difference in the total score of wisdom among in gender,grade,major and source;（2）the overall performance of boys in problem solving and thinking quality was better than that of girls,but not girls in personality quality;（3）college students from cities and towns were significantly higher in thinking quality and problem solving dimension than those in rural areas subject.To sum up,this study can draw the following conclusions through theoretical exploration,questionnaire compilation research and wisdom assessment of college students:（1）Wisdom can be understood as a comprehensive psychological quality,which involves human cognition,emotion,will（motivation）,personality quality and problem solving.It is a kind of advanced psychological quality and behavior pattern developed by individuals on the basis of external environment and knowledge and experience,through social practice,which has insight into the mechanism of things,thoroughly grasps the existing"world"system and pursues the inner spiritual realm.With profound understanding and keen observation and correct judgment as the representative of the quality of thinking and good problem-solving ability as the most distinctive characteristics of wisdom;（2）The study of wisdom theory found that its dimensions can be divided into five parts:cognition,interpersonal emotion,rational thinking,problem solving and personality quality（The qualitative research also found the level of open-minded attitude）.But the questionnaire finally found only four dimensions:problem solving,thinking quality,personality quality and attitude dimension.The problem-solving and thinking quality dimension are both closely related with wisdom,and the study also founds that the attitude dimension is likely to be unique to our culture;（3）College students’understanding of wisdom has both individual differences and group similarities.Based on the homogeneity effect of Chinese traditional culture,college students’understanding of wisdom is generally similar.（4）The self-compiled"College Students Wisdom Measurement Questionnaire"meets the requirements of psychometrics as well as has good reliability and validity,and can be used to evaluate the wisdom of college students.（5）The wisdom situation of college students is generally better than common people,with no significant differences in gender,grade,major and origin.Male subjects as a whole were superior to girls in thinking quality and problem solving,but inferior to girls in personality quality;the subjects from cities and towns as a whole were significantly higher than those in rural areas in thinking quality and problem solving level.