A Study On The Achievements Of Shanxi's State County Magistrates In Qing Dynasty

The state county magistrate,namely Zhizhou and Zhixian,is the official seal of local grass-roots political organizations.The so-called world is nothing less than the prefectures and counties.The actions of the state county magistrates determine the stability of the whole country to a certain extent.Taking some counties in Shanxi Province in Qing Dynasty as an example,this paper attempts to study the actions of the state county magistrates in Shanxi Province in Qing Dynasty by means of local records,official history,official books and other literature materials,and by means of literature interpretation,quantity statistics and other methods.The main contents of this paper are the administrative measures taken by the state county magistrates in their jurisdiction on money and grain,punishment and education.This article has five chapters,divided into three parts:The first part is the introduction and the first chapter: the introduction mainly explains the definition of the title,the origin of the topic,the value of the topic,the content and the research dynamics of the academic circles,the research methods and innovations in this paper.The first chapter mainly discusses and analyzes the two major issues of the administrative divisions of the counties and prefectures in Shanxi Province in the Qing Dynasty,and the official seal of the counties and prefectures-Zhizhou and Zhixian magistrate.In particular,as the main characters of this paper,Zhizhou and Zhixian make a basic overview of them,which lays the foundation for the later discussion of the achievements of the state county magistrates.The second part,namely the second,third and fourth chapters of the thesis,is the main content of this paper.It makes a comprehensive,systematic and in-depth investigation on the agricultural development,the collection of money and grain,the public security and punishment and the education of Shanxi's the state county magistrates and their districts in Qing Dynasty.In the aspect of agriculturaldevelopment,in order to promote agricultural development,the state county magistrates mainly take the measures of persuading,encouraging agricultural development,and actively checking and repairing Water conservancy and other measures.The state county magistrates attach great importance to agricultural development and the establishment and maintenance of water conservancy facilities.Secondly,by using local records and data statistics,we can quantify the collection of money and grain in some counties of Shanxi Province in Qing Dynasty.The state county magistrates only rely on their own efforts(although they have the help of assistant officials,but the official seal of the state and county is the final person in charge)to levy taxes on a large number of land in the county,and levy such a large population of people's tax before the abolition of people's tax in 1712,which can be seen that it is not easy for state and county officials to govern the local area.Finally,in order to ensure the collection of money and grain all over the country,the state county magistrates also presided over the construction of granaries.After the disaster,most of the state county magistrates actively relief the famine,and strive to ask for the people's life to reduce taxes.In terms of punishment and public security,it mainly includes the trial of punishment,civil cases,late Qing teaching cases and local public security.The handling of these three kinds of cases has typical characteristics,civil cases should obey the law,but the state county magistrates often adheres to the idea of persuading the people to rest and sue;the criminal cases are more serious,the sate county magistrates often acts by himself,but still cannot escape the word "human feelings";the handling of the late Qing teaching case is more complex,involving many aspects,and the state county magistrates often fails to be the victim of the teaching case.If you have a case to deal with,keep the place stable if you have nothing to do.In the early stage,Baojia and tuanlian were also important support for the state county magistrates to keep local stability.The state county magistrates usually does not lead the group practice in person,but also actively encourages the establishment and maintenance of the group practice and selects the leader of the group practice.And if the local victims,the state and county magistrates often move in and out with the people,or even live and die with the people.In the aspect of education,it is divided into two parts: the education of the readers and the enlightenment of the non readers.For the state and county magistrates,it is particularly important for local governance whether people are right or not.Therefore,they not only presided over the county test to assist the local test according to the national policy,but also actively supervised the school to givepreferential treatment to the students,even allocated land to donate for the construction of righteous and social schools.In the late Qing Dynasty,they also actively responded to the call of the state to establish new schools.In addition,for those who are not reading,on the one hand,the state and county magistrates regulate the external behavior through etiquette,on the other hand,they guide the internal psychology through changing customs,and make the people in their jurisdiction become good people.The third part,the last chapter and the fifth chapter,is about the characteristics and evaluation of the state and county magistrates in Shanxi in the Qing Dynasty.In the Qing Dynasty,there were typical characteristics in the actions of the state and county magistrates in Shanxi.First of all,in Qing Dynasty,the state and county magistrates in Shanxi Province was involved in such a wide range of fields,but there was not enough time and energy to deal with all things.Second,as far as the official performance itself is concerned,it also has great prominence and bias,and the achievements in money punishment are far greater than those in education and enlightenment.Finally,there are typical imbalances in both time and region.The achievements of the state and county magistrates in the early and middle Qing dynasties are significantly greater than those in the late period;the counties and first counties where the provincial government and the provincial government are the achievements of state and county officials are often greater than those of ordinary state and county officials.Most of the reasons are due to the narrow policies of the Qing government,except for the lack of ability and knowledge of the state county magistrates.But overall,the sate county magistrates of Shanxi Province in the Qing Dynasty not only promoted the local stability and development,but also made their own contribution to the overall development of the country.