| Jiangsu area is one of the main fiefs of the princely kingdoms in the Han Dynasty.The tombs unearthed are of a complete grade and there are a large number of jade articles,among which the funeral jade articles account for a large proportion.There are 93 tombs(groups)of jade artifacts unearthed in Jiangsu,76 of which are burials(groups)of funeral jade excavated,and at least 233 pieces of burial jade were unearthed.The unearthed locations are mainly distributed in the central and northern parts of Jiangsu.Among them,the funeral jade articles unearthed in Xuzhou and Yangzhou are the most complete and the largest number,and there are sporadic distribution in other areas.The development process of the funeral and jade combination mainly composed of jade clothes formed in Jiangsu in the Han Dynasty can be divided into four periods:In the early Western Han Dynasty,the development sequence of funeral jade unearthed in Chu State in Xuzhou was the clearest.In the early days of the early Western Han Dynasty,the funeral jade combination consisted of five types:jade mask,talisman,jade crown,jade grip and burial wall.During this period,a funeral jade combination mainly composed of jade masks was formed.In the early Western Han Dynasty,the combination of funeral jade articles consisted of five kinds of jade clothes(sets),nine qiaosai,jade pillows,jade grips,and burial walls.The jade mask developed into jade clothes(sets).The shape of the jade clothes is relatively complete,and the funeral jade combination has gradually developed and matured and perfected.In the middle period of the Western Han Dynasty,the funeral jade combination consisted of five kinds of jade clothes,nine qiaosai,jade pillows,jade grips,and burial walls.The development sequence of funeral jade unearthed in Chu State in Xuzhou area and Guangling State in Yangzhou area is relatively clear.The combination of funeral jade has been perfected and mature,but the number of unearthed funeral jade has decreased,and a new form of funeral jade made of glazed instead of jade appears in Yangzhou.From the late Western Han Dynasty to the early Eastern Han Dynasty,the combination of funeral jade articles is five kinds of jade clothing,nine qiaosai,jade pillow,jade grip,and funeral burial wall.The Guangling State in the Yangzhou region presents obvious regional characteristics.A new form of jade clothing has appeared in high-grade tombs,and glazed jade clothes have been used.Tombs in the middle and lower classes have formed a new funeral combination with a wooden mask.The material construction of the jade clothes is gradually diversified,and the range of the ranks of the people used is expanded,but the number of jade clothes unearthed has decreased.In the Eastern Han Dynasty,the combination of funeral jade was composed of five kinds of jade clothes,nine qiaosai,jade grips and bibimbre.Due to the gradual standardization of the funeral system and the influence of various reasons such as the decline of the national power,Buddhism,and the rise of the burial culture,the number of unearthed funeral jade articles mainly composed of jade clothes has been greatly reduced,and the use of funeral jade articles has declined.In Jiangsu,the environment is hot and humid,and the unearthed funeral jade has become albino and infested.Although there are a large number of unearthed funeral jade articles,they are mostly made of sapphire.Some small round carved jade articles such as mouth knots,knots and jade grips are made of white jade,and jade clothes(sets)and jade masks with more materials are used Then use the old jade to make up for the shortage.The production techniques,jade shapes and decorative features of funeral jade unearthed in Jiangsu area are both consistent and innovative with the mainstream.Yangzhou took the lead in using the "Han Ba Dao"jade production technology,which is very rich in regional characteristics Jiangsu has a long-term foundation for the production of glassware.The thick funeral wind stimulated the demand for funeral jade.After the middle of the Western Han Dynasty,glassware was spawned as a bionic product of jadeware.It was used in funerals.Some glass funeral jade ware also had decorative patterns,Inlaid with gold foil.In addition,lacquered face masks were only unearthed in Yangzhou and Lianyungang areas in Jiangsu province,and lacquered face masks are also unique as supplementary forms of funeral jade.Affected by geographical factors,historical factors,and political factors,the northern cultural circle represented by Chu State and the southern cultural circle represented by Guangling State formed different characteristics of jade for funeral use.Chu’s funeral jade is used in large quantities,with large materials and energetic carving styles.However,the use of funeral jade in Guangling State is deeply influenced by Chu culture,with small materials,fine carvings and beautiful styles,and more glass instead of jade.In addition,the use of funeral jade also reflects different levels of differences:the higher the level of the tomb master,the higher the specifications of the funeral jade,but under the influence of Confucian ethics,women ’s political status must be subordinated to the family no matter how high status.The discussion of the concept of life and death in the pre-Qin period,especially the idea of advocating active participation in the world through self-cultivation and struggle,represented by Confucianism,and Taoism as the idea of adhering to its natural peace of mind,formed a completely different concept of life and death,but it still produced a significant concept of life and death in the Han Dynasty Had an impact.In the Han Dynasty,under the influence of Taoist Huang Lao’s thoughts,the idea of pursuing longevity,feathering and immortalization,and Confucianism spurred the use of the funeral jade in Han Dynasty to the peak.After the Eastern Han Dynasty,the use of funeral jade gradually declined due to various ideas such as Buddhism and Taoism and the weakening of the national power. |
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