A Study On Central Asian Cities Under The Influence Of The Great Powers Civilization In Pre-Islamic

Central Asia was dominated by surrounding powers in the pre-Islamic period,but in this period different civilizations were spread to its cities and communicate with the indigenous civilizations.These powers are:Achaemenid Dynasty,Seleucid Dynasty,Kusana Dynasty and Sasanian Dynasty.They govern different area in Central Asia.The Achaemenid Dynasty govern the area between the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya.The influence of Seleucid Dynasty on the civilization of Central Asia was mainly embodied in Bactria.The entire area of the Amu Darya and the Syr River was ruled in the Kusana Dynasty.The Sasanian Dynasty has long faced competition with the territories in the Central Asian,so its eastern borders often change.During the reign of Khosrau I,the empire reached its peak,and the Amu Darya region of Central Asia became part of the empire.Although the borders changed,today's large areas of southern Turkmenistan,Afghanistan,and western Pakistan have been in the Sasanian Empire.In the pre-Islamic,Central Asia cities were governed by multi-ethnic rule.Different civilizations exchanged and merged with the local civilizations of Central Asia.Before the Achaemenid Dynasty ruled Central Asia,the original culture of Central Asia is mainly reflected in the funeral customs,the architectural style and the sculpture art.When Bactria,Margiana and Sogdiana became Persian provinces,the pottery technology,Aremaean and khanat-forming technology of Persian spread to Central Asia city.Forming the Central Asia city culture with Persian characteristics.During the reign of the Seleucid dynasty in central Asia,the site selection methods of cities and the architectural decoration style spread to central Asia.These was obtained archaeological confirmation in the ruins of Ay Khanum.The Temple of Oxus in Tajikistan reflects the communication of Persian civilization,Greek civilization and local civilization.The structure of the temple blends Persian architectural style with Greek architectural style.The gods associated with the river in Greek mythology were enshrined in the temple of the Oxus,and the Greek gods and Greek carving art were spread to Central Asia cities through these gods.During the reign of the Kusana Dynasty in central Asia,the idolatry changed with the change of land area.By opening the boundary between South Asia and Central Asia,the Kings of Kusana spread Buddhism to the outside world,from South Asia to Central Asia and then through Central Asia to East Asia.In Termez and Taxila show the Buddhism's imagery art and architectural style communicate with Central Asian civilization.In the Kara-tepe site of Termez,there are murals with Buddhist elements and Zoroastrian elements.With the development of the Gandhara art in the period of the Kusana,the stupa of Taxila have changed in shape and decoration.While inheriting some of the elements of the Indian stupa,the tower body and the phase wheel of the stupa were developed during the period of the Kusana.During the reign of the Sasanian Dynasty in Central Asia,the celestial burial of Zoroastrianism was developed in Central Asia cities.The specific performance is the use and development of the bone urn,it was used in Khwarizmi,Sogdiana and other central Asian cities.The appearance and carving themes of bone urns were developed,reflecting the spread and development of celestial burial in Central Asia cities.At the same time,the Nana goddess of Sasanian spread to Central Asia cities and became the main god dedicated to the Pantheon.Although the reign of Sasanian in Central Asia began to decrease in the late fifth century,the influence of Sasanian civilization in Central Asia cities did not weaken until the Arab army entered Central Asia in the late seventh century.Sasanian elements are represented in the murals of Panjikent and Samarkand.In summary,the civilization of Central Asia cities were influenced by surrounding powers in pre-Islamic,focusing on the development of the urban layout,religious beliefs,architectural styles,decorative styles and funeral customs.