Fair Preference Of Children In The Context Of Gain And Loss

In the research on cooperation and decision-making between adults and children,people’s in-group preference is found,which shows that group effect has an important influence on cooperation and decision-making.At the same time,in the economic game of two people,when people face unfair distribution,the group effect will still affect people’s probability of punishing selfish behavior.However,the direction of the influence of the group effect in the ultimatum game is still uncertain.In some cases,the selfish behavior of the in-group is more relaxed and the punishment is not punished.The unfair proposal of the out-group is more severely punished.In some cases,people will increase their efforts to punish the selfish behavior of their group members to ensure that group norms are not broken.At the same tune,some studies have shown that children’s anger against unfairness sometimes exceeds group prejudice,and then imposes the same severe punishment on members of in-groups and out-groups.The purpose of this study was to examine how unfair,selfish proposals made by children within the loss and gain domains,as the unfairness rises,how the child punishes the proposers of the members of the in-group,the out-group,and the control group.In this experiment,90 6-8 year old first grade students were randomly assigned to the inner group,the outer group and the control group by Minimal group manipulation(color preference).In the first experiment,the ultimatum game was adopted.Subjects responded by selecting the virtual proposer’s ten candy distributions.If the child chooses to "accept",both parties will receive the corresponding candy;if the child chooses "reject",neither party will receive any candy.In the second experiment,the ultimatum variant was adopted.The Subjects acted as responders,sharing the loss of ten candy with the virtual propoers and making decisions on the distribution.If the child chooses "accept",both parties lose the corresponding candy;if the child chooses"reject",both parties lose ten candy at the same time.The results show that:(1)Under the gain and loss domain,children’s self-denial rejection rate increases with the increase of unfairness.(2)Under the gain and loss domain,when children face selfish behavior,the rejection rate of boys is significantly higher than that of girls.(3)Under the gain domain,children have the highest rejection rate of selfish behaviors of out-groups,but in the loss domain,children do not show the group effects when facing selfish behaviors.(4)When children face selfish behavior,the rejection rate under the loss domain is significantly higher than the rejection rate under the gain.Research conclusions:Under the gain domain,children show inter-out group effects in the face of selfish behavior;under the loss domain,children do not show inter-out group effects in the face of selfish behavior.