The Duma Study Of Russian Cities In The Second Half Of The 19th Century And Early 20th Century

Duma plays an important role in the management of Russian cities.Its emergence,development and change are a microcosm of the process of urban reform,Its activity is a reflection of the effect of urban reform and the study of this issue can also have a deeper understanding of urban reform.This paper mainly studies the situation of duma in the second half of the 19 th century to the beginning of the 20 th century.This paper is divided into five chapters,the first chapter is the introduction and the purpose and significance of this thesis,domestic and foreign studies on this issue,research methods and writing ideas and the innovation and deficiency of the thesis are introduced.The second chapter mainly introduces the status quo of the city duma before the reform in 1870.The author thinks that the reform of 1870 is the real beginning of Russian urban autonomy.Therefore,the reform of 1870 is the boundary,and the former duma production,composition,the activity about duma will have a the simple discussion.The authur begins with Peter I's urban management reconstruction in the first section;In the second section,the author discusses the generation of the urban self-government thought in the second world,but it doesn't actually work because the city has no income;In the third section the author writes the evolution of duma in the first half of the 18 th century to the 19 th century.The third chapter is the key of chapter in this paper.Because duma is an organ of self-government,its research should be put in the background of urban self-government reform.The author firstly introduces the background and preparation of the reform in the 1970 s,including the limitations of existing laws,the reform of serfdom and the developmentof cities;The second is the implementation of reform and the composition of duma changed greatly at this time,duma's activities expand and become more independent,the relationship with other organs of self-government is different.In the fourth chapter the author discusses the development of duma in the period of anti-urban autonomy reform.Against the background of "anti-reform" in the 1880 s and 1890 s,the independence of municipal organs of self-government has been greatly reduced and is on the strict supervision of the administrative organ.These are the most striking features of urban reform in 1892.In this chapter the outhor discusses the preparation and implementation of reform respectively.In the chapter fifth the author discusses the duma function after the reform in the 1870 s.After the reform,duma's income came from a variety of sources and income increased.However,social spending is also on the rise and duma manages the city's budget and performs its economic functions.In addition,duma has other social functionsand it developed urban utilities and built waterways and sewers;It also focuses on people's health,popularizing people's education and improving urban transportation.This paper is based on the information of Petersburg and the authou wants to show duma's highest achievement in the social field.