Studies On Russell's Late Epistemology

Russell is one of the most famous philosophers in the western world in the 20th century.The problems of knowledge are the center of his philosophy.Russell's epistemology have some periods,and the late epistemology is mainly embodied in the"Human Knowledge".Among them,Russell's belief theory,concept of knowledge definition,and cognitive theory of probation are the three most important contents.This article is divided into four chapters.The first chapter is an overview of "Human Knowledge".The last three chapters are based on the above three main contents.Firstly,Russell's late belief theory mainly includes three aspects:basic topics,the relationship between belief and knowledge,and the relationship between belief,knowledge,and true.On the basic theme,Russell's most important contribution is to put forward the "Organic Belief Theory." In terms of belief and knowledge and true relationship,Russell's late viewpoints are consistent with the previous opinions,but it should be noted that Russell acknowledges "knowledge implies true belief' on the basis of undefinable knowledge,which is an important difference between Russell's late epistemology and traditional epistemology.Secondly,for the basic problem of contemporary epistemology,"the definition of knowledge",Russell thinks that the concept of "knowledge" is undefinable.This is a reasonable result from the exploration of the certainty of knowledge in the earlier period to late-stage.Thirdly,the core issue of Russell's late-epistemology is the question of cognitive defense,which is represented by the probabilistic epistemology.The structure of this chapter is consisted of probabilistic types,probability calculations,probability theory of Reichenbach and Keynes,probability and knowledge,which is the basic content of Russell's probabilistic epistemology.In this paper,by arranging Russell's book "Human Knowledge',clarifying and analyzing the main points,the following conclusions can be drawn:Firstly,Russell's late-epistemology is a kind of "scientific epistemology";Secondly,Russell's late-theory of belief,which is called "organism belief theory",and he holds that the concept of knowledge is undefinable,the above opinions are progressive and intensified in their earlier viewpoints.Thirdly,Russell's theory of probability-based knowledge is Russell's attempt to introduce mathematical probabilities into corroborative evidence to reach cognitive defenses.In order to clarify to a certain extent,the academic circle unanimously summarizes and scorns the phenomenon of Russell's epistemology.