Study On Gut And Oral Microbial Diversity In School Children Of Tibetan,Hui,and Han Ethnicities Based On Xiahe County Gannan Prefecture

Objective: This study aimed to explore composition and diversity of gut and oral microbiota in school children of Tibetan,Hui,and Han ethnicities living atXiahe county,Gannan perfecture,compare the differences on gut and oral microbiota across different ethnicities,and investigate the correlation between gut and oral microbiota.Moreover,we also investigated the correlation between diet intake and gut and oral microbiota.We tried to provide data basis and reference for the prevention and treatment of gut and oral diseases related to microbiota.Methods: 143 school children were recruited in this study,and fecal samples?44Tibetan individuals,49 Hui individuals,and 50 Han individuals?and saliva samples?20 Tibetan individuals,20 Hui individuals,and 20 Han individuals?were collected and performed DNA extraction.Illumina Miseq high-throughput sequencing?16S rDNA?was used to detect the microbiota community from fecal and saliva.Softwares,such as mothur and R were used to analyze the differences on microbiota structure and diversity.Basic information questionnaire,dietary frequency questionnaire,and72 hours meal record table were used collected basic information and diet intake information of subjects.Results:?1?9876756 clean reads were generated from fecal samples of 143 school children with a median read length of 414 bp.The average number of clean reads per sample reached 69068.25 phyla,47 classes,57 orders,99 families,and 253 genera were detected from the fecal samples.?2?The dominant phyla in gut microbiota were Firmicutes?47.61%?,Bacteroidetes?38.50%?,Proteobacteria?6.80%?,Actinobacteria?6.12%?.The dominant genera were Bacteroides?19.41%?,Prevotella?8.30%?,Faecalibacterium?6.52%?,Bifidobacterium?4.79%?.The mean relative abundances of 8 families?Porphyromonadaceae,Bdellovibrionaceae,Anaeroplasmataceae,Christensenellaceae,Catabacteriaceae,Peptococcaceae₁,Methanobacteriaceae,Veillonellaceae?and 7genera?Butyricimonas,Oscillibacter,Barnesiella,Catabacter,Streptococcus,Roseburia,Paraprevotella?all varied significantly among the three ethnic groups?P<0.05?.?3?The Observed species and ACE indices in the gut microbiota revealed significant differences in Tibetan,Hui,and Han groups?P<0.05?.The Shannon index in the gut microbiota was significantly different in Tibetan and Han groups?P<0.05?,and the Shannon index was also significantly different in Hui and Han groups?P<0.05?.PCoA based on weighted and unweighted UniFrac distances revealed a high degree of overlap in the distribution of samples from the three groups.?4?Consumption of vegetables,fruits,seafood,and poultry meat was significantly different among the three ethnic groups.17 genera from fecal samples were correlated with diet intake?eggs,fruits,nuts,grains,milk,poultry meat,livestock meat?with a correlation coefficient of >0.3?P<0.05?.?5?4600398 clean reads were generated from saliva samples of 60 school children with a median read length of 421 bp.The average number of clean reads per sample reached 76673.21 phyla,33 classes,57 orders,81 families,and 119 genera were detected from the fecal samples.?6?The dominant phyla in saliva microbiota were Bacteroidetes?41.19%?,Proteobacteria?24.83%?,Firmicutes?22.14%?,Fusobacteria?6.38%?.The dominant genera were Prevotella?27.22%?,Neisseria?11.50%?,Porphyromonas?9.69%?,Veillonella?8.26%?.The mean relative abundances of 1 phylum?Firmicutes?,2families,?Streptococcaceae and Moraxellaceae?and 4 genera?Moraxella,Porphyromonas,Streptococcus,Anaerovorax?all varied significantly among the three ethnic groups?P<0.05?.?7?The Observed species in the oral microbiota was not significantly different among the three groups?P>0.05?,and the Shannon index in the oral microbiota was significantly different in the Han andTibetan?P<0.05?,and the Shannon index was significantly different in the Hui and Tibetan groups?P<0.05?.PCoA based on weighted and unweighted UniFrac distances revealed a high degree of overlap in the distribution of samples from the three groups.?8?Consumption of poultry meat was significantly different among the three ethnic groups.13 genera from saliva samples were correlated with diet intake?sweets,vagetables,poultry meat?with a correlation coefficient of >0.3 or <-0.3?P<0.05?.The consumption of vegetables was positivly correlated with Bulleidia and Lactobacillus,which might be related to the ablilty of Bulleidia and Lactobacillus to ferment carbohydrates.?9?The Observed species and Shannon index were significantly different in the oral and gut microbiota from the Tibetan,Hui,and Han groups,respectively?P<0.05?.PCoA based on weighted and unweighted UniFrac distances indicated a clear separation between gut and oral microbiota in the Tibetan,Hui,and Han groups,respectively.123 oral bacterial taxa were associated with 191 gut microbiota with a correlation coefficient of >0.3 or <-0.3.Conclusions:?1?Several bacterial taxa at the family and genus levels and alpha diversity were significantly different in the gut microbiota among the three ethnic groups,but PCoA revealed that the distribution of fecal samples from the three groups were overlap.?2?Several bacterial taxa at the phylum,family,and genus levels and alpha diversity were significantly different in the oral microbiota among the three ethnic groups,but PCoA revealed that the distribution of saliva samples from the three groups were overlap.?3?Diet intake of school children was correlated with gut microbiota and oral microbioat.?4?Gut microbiota of school children was associated with oral microbiota.In summary,ethnicity was likely to drive the alpha diversity of gut and oral microbiota in school children living in Qinghai Tibetan Plateau with the similar geographical environment.Oral and gut microbiota was affected by dietary intake and interaction effects also were found between gut and oral microbiota.