Effect Of ?-solanine On Migration And Invasion Of Human Trophoblast Cells

As a widely-sourced glycoalkaloid,?-solanine has many biological functions such as anti-microbial,anti-inflammatory,anti-tumor properties.However,many studies have shown that improper use of ?-solanine can lead to toxicity,abnormal embryonic development,spermatogenesis and other adverse consequences.Therefore,the utilization of ?-solanine should be carefully considered due to its side effects on health.In the present study,human trophoblast cell line(HTR-8/SVneo cells)was used as the cell model to investigate the effects of ?-solanine on cell migration and invasion in vitro,and the molecular mechanism was also preliminarily studied,which could provide the theoretical basis for the rational utilization of ?-solanine.To determine the cytotoxic effect of ?-solanine on HTR-8/SVneo cells,cell proliferation were detected by MTS assay and iCELLigence cell function analysis in this study.Cell migration,invasion,apoptosis and estradiol secretion were studied after HTR-8/SVneo cells were treated either with a non-cytoxic or cytoxic concentration of ?-solanine.In addition,its potential molecular mechanism was investigated through detecting the expression of MMP-2/9,key factors of autophagy and MAPK signaling pathways.The results obtained is as following:1.?-solanine decreased the viability of HTR-8/SVneo cells in a dose-dependent manner,and no significant difference was detected in cell viability when cells were treated with no more than 20 ?M ?-solanine,but ?-solanine at concentrations greater than 30 ?M significantly inhibited the cell viability.2.Non-cytotoxic concentration of ?-Solanine(20 ?M)significantly inhibited the migratory and invasive abilities of trophoblast cells,promoted the estradiol secretion.?-solanine triggered the autophagy by increasing the expression of autophagy-related biomarkers including Beclin 1,LC3,and Atg13,but the expression of p62 showed no change.Moreover,20 ?M of ?-solanine induced the pro-matrix metalloprotease 2(pro-MMP-2)and pro-MMP-9 levels in culture medium by zymography,but the active MMP-2 and MMP-9 did not alter,and the ROS production also showed no change.3.Treatment with a cytotoxic concentration of ?-solanine at 35 ?M also significantly inhibited the migration and invasion of HTR-8/SVneo cells,promoted the secretion of estradiol and the expression of pro-MMP-2 and pro-MMP-9,and there was no significant difference in the effects caused by non-cytotoxic and cytotoxic concentrations of ?-solanine.Moreover,cell apoptosis was significantly increased when HTR-8/SVneo cells were treated with a cytotoxic concentration of ?-solanine,which indicate that the cytotoxic effect of ?-solanine on trophoblast cells mainly via inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting cell apoptosis.All the data indicate that a certain dose of ?-solanine inhibits the proliferation,migration and invasion of HTR-8/SVneo cells in vitro,at least partially via inhibiting apoptosis and triggering autophagy;the increase in estradiol secretion induced by ?-solanine may be associated with differetiation of trophoblast cells.