Study On Decontaminants For Skin And Wound Radioactive Isotopes Contamination

If not treated in time,radioactive pollutants will further penetrate into the body,cause damage on internal organs,and a series of radiation sickness.So to decontaminate the surface radioactive pollutions is one of the most critical step of the medical treat-ments in nuclear accident management.Traditional methods of radioisotope pollution decontamination are washing with water,soap water and some commercially available detergents.In the face of complex variable radionuclides pollution,their decontamina-tion effect is significantly limited.In response to sudden accidents that may occur,effi-cient and portable decontamination agents are very accord with the needs of the devel-opment.Developing safe and efficient radioactive decontamination agents are being more and more attention in nuclear medical field.In this study,3 decontamination agents are developed,and they are radioisotope contaminated skin high efficiency emergency decontamination formulation,radioisotope contaminated skin safety decon-tamination formulation and radioisotope contaminated wound decontamination formula-tion.With the methods of single factor examination,orthogonal experimental design,and the detections of foaming height,decontaminated effect,skin irritation,the compo-nents of the three radioisotope decontamination formulations were developed.With the methods of skin irritation experiment,damaged skin irritation experiment,the safety doses of the components were detected.With the solubility of components,the prepara-tion technologies of the three formulations were examed.The physicochemical proper-ties of the two skin decontamination formulations were detected according to"technical standard for disinfection"（GB 27951-2011,2002 edition）,and“the washing supplies safety technical specifications”（GBT 26396-2011）.With stable nuclide cold experiment,the decontaminated effects of the two skin decontamination formulations were detected on the rat,rabbit and human skin models,and the decontaminated effect of the radioiso-tope contaminated wound decontamination formulation was detected on the rabbit dam-aged skin model.The safety evaluions of the two skin decontamination formulations were detected with acute oral toxicity test,once skin irritation test,repeated skin irrita-tion test,eye irritation test,and frequencies of micronucleated polychromatic erythro-cytes test according to"technical standard for disinfection"（GB 27951-2011,2002 edi-tion）.（1）The results of radioisotope contaminated skin high efficiency emergency de-contamination formulation.The components of the decontamination agent was SDBS:AES:AOS:CAO:CAB=5:25:15:40:24.The preparation technological pro-cess was that SDBS 15g,AES 75 g,AOS 45 g,CAO 120 g,CAB 72 mL,CDEA（6501）30 g,glycerin 50 mL,citric acid 10 g,EDTA-Na₂ 60 g,and water 514 mL,mixed with stired at 80°C for 2 h,until all of the components were dissolved.pH value of the for-mulation was 6.99.The content of total active substance was 20.49%±0.15%.EDTA content was 5.99%±0.001%.On rabbit back skin decontamination trials,the concentra-tions in the decontamination agent eluate of Co²⁺,Mn²⁺and Cs⁺were 2.99±0.18 mg/L,3.03±0.12 mg/L and 7.04?0.27 mg/L,respectively,and the concentrations in H₂O con-trol were 2.98±0.32 mg/L,2.94±0.29 mg/L and 3.12?0.3 mg/L,respectively,and the concentrations in the positive were 3.08?0.24 mg/L,3.03?0.22 mg/L and 6.06?0.56mg/L,respectively.The effects on Co²⁺and Mn²⁺have no significantly difference in the three groups,and the effect on Cs⁺of the decontaminated agent was higher than the pos-itive control and negative control groups.On the human hand skin decontamination tri-als,the decontamination ratios of the agent on Co²⁺and Mn²⁺were 103.13%±0.05 and100.62%±0.09,respectively,and the ratios of water control were 81.77%±0.23 and79.63%±0.23,respectively.The ratio of the decontamination agent was higher than the water control.The safety evaluation results showed that the decontamination agent had no obvious acute oral toxicity and skin acute toxicity in mice,but had mild irritation to skin.The decontamination agent also had no genetic toxicity.Accumulation toxicity experiment in mice through the mouth no poisoning symptoms in the infected 20 d,ac-cumulation coefficient K>5,belongs to the weak accumulation toxicity.These results suggested that radioisotope contaminated skin high efficiency emergency decontamina-tion formulation should be suitable for the decontamination in nuclear accident emer-gency spot,and it is not good for the staff daily decontamination for many times.（2）The results of radioisotope contaminated skin safety decontamination formula-tion.With the detection of skin irritation and the orthogonal experiment of the compo-nents,the components of the decontamination agent were APG0810 62.5 g,AEC-9Na62.5 g,EDTA-Na₂ 50 g,SDS 2.5 g,6501 15 g,glycerin 25 g,citric acid 5 g in 500 mL water solution.pH value of the decontamination agent was 6.68,total active substance content was 16.51%±0.07%,EDTA content was 9.94%±0.04%.The results of animal and human skin decontamination test showed that the effect on Cs⁺of the decontamina-tion agent was much higher than the water control.Safety evaluation results showed that the decontamination agent had no acute oral toxicity and no skin irritation,and also had no genetic toxicity.Accumulation toxicity test in mice through the mouth no poi-soning symptoms in the infected 20 d,accumulation coefficient K>5,belongs to the weak accumulation toxicity These results suggested that radioisotope contaminated skin safety decontamination formulation should be used to the treatment of the staff daily decontamination of skin isotopes contamination.（3）The results of radioisotope contaminated wound decontamination formulation.With the rabbit eye irritation test,it was found that the irritation indexes of the basic formula,0.1%hyaluronic acid,0.5%carboxymethyl chitosan,0.5%calcium alginate were 0,and 0.025%DTPA,0.05%DTPA,0.1%DTPA,0.2%DTPA,0.4%DTPA had no irritation to the rabbit eyes,but 0.8%DTPA had middle irritation.With once damage skin irritation test,it was found that the basic formula,0.1%hyaluronic acid,0.5%car-boxymethyl chitosan,0.5%calcium alginate,0.025%DTPA,0.05%DTPA,0.1%DTPA,0.2%DTPA,0.4%DTPA had no erythema and edema,but 0.8%DTPA had ery-thema in one hour after removing the test material,and the erythema was almost disap-peared in the times of 24 h and 48 h.With the test of decontaminated effect on Co²⁺and Mn²⁺,it was found that carboxymethyl chitosan,EDTA.Na₂,EDTA.Na₄,DTPA had the stimulating effect on decontamination.Wih the orthogonal experiment of the compo-nents,the componants of the wound decontamination agent were NaCl 7.88 g,Na₂HPO₄?12H₂O 3.58 g,KH₂PO₄ 0.2 g,KCl 0.2 g,lidocaine 10 g,calcium alginate 5 g,carboxymethyl chitosan 5 g,DTPA 4 g in 1000 mL water solution.The production pro-cess was that calcium alginate and carboxymethyl chitosan were dissolved in PBS,then DTPA?Na₅ was added slowly until it was dissolved completely,and adjusted pH to 6-7by H₂SO₄,then lidocaine was added by stirring to dissolved completely.In the experi-ments,it was found that lidocaine had the stimulating effect on decontamination,but hyaluronic acid had the inhibiting effect on decontamination.3 decontamination agents were developed.Radioisotope contaminated skin high efficiency emergency decontamination formulation has light skin irritation,and it is suitable to the medical management of nuclear accident spot.Radioisotope contaminat-ed skin safety decontamination formulation is suitable to the nulear staff for daily de-contamination of skin isotopes contamination.Radioisotope contaminated wound de-contamination formulation could be suitable to the decontamination of skin wound iso-topic contamination,because time limiting its decontaminated effect and safety evalua-tion should be studied farer more.