| Grape is one of horticultural crops with important economic value in the world,which will bring huge economic benefits to the agricultural countries every year.Grape cultivation has a history of nearly one hundred years in China,and China has alreadly become the country with the largest area of grape cultivation in the world.Viticulture is generally divided into open field cultivation and protected field cultivation,and the latter is an important model for growing grapes in China.The facility fruit cultivation can realize the off-season supply of fruit and increase the economic benefit,which has become a new efficient cultivation mode in northwest China.In the facility cultivation of deciduous fruit trees,it is of great significance for the scientific management of facility cultivation to accurately grasp the chilling requirement of natural dormancy of deciduous fruit trees,the accurate time of dormancy dissolution and the heat requirement of flowering and germination.Due to the facility cultivation of a variety of fruit trees chilling and heat requirement value is not clear,resulting in the traditional management conditions of the length of the dormant period and the duration of heating up can not be accurately grasped,resulting in the facility of fruit trees environmental management chaos.For accurate grasp a variety of facilities grape dormancy and germination period under the condition of environmental regulation,explore various facilities grape varieties need to chilling and heat requirement and the relationship between them,understand the supplementary illumination time and change of light environment bud grape’s influence on the heat requirement.Experiment 1 in this paper through the determination of four different facilities cultivate ’Red Globe’ grape dormant chilling requirement and bud heat requirement;Experiment 2 determined the chilling and heat requirements of 15 grape varieties in two facilities within three years,and analyzed the relationship between them;Experiment 3 explored the influence of photoperiod and photoperiod on grape germination and heat requirement,and provided theoretical basis for dormancy and germination stage management and production of grapes under facility cultivation.The experimental results are as follows:(1)Due to the lack of low-temperature management in the glass greenhouse,air and soil temperature in the glass greenhouse are the highest during the dormancy period of ’Red Globe’ grape;Due to temperature rise management,air and soil temperatures in solar greenhouse and plastic greenhouse were higher than those in shade greenhouse and glass greenhouse,and the heat preservation and storage capacity of solar greenhouse was stronger than that of plastic greenhouse.The average daily temperature was 3.6℃ higher than that of plastic greenhouse.The air and soil temperature of the glasshouse change greatly,and the shade changes stably.By monitoring the internal environment of the facility,it was concluded that the overall chilling requirement capacity of’Red Globe’ grapes in the dormant period was as follows:shade greenhouse>plastic greenhouse>solar greenhouse>glass greenhouse;The overall performance of heat requirement is:glass greenhouse>solar greenhouse>plastic greenhouse>shade greenhouse;Correlation analysis of heat requirement and chilling requirement of ’Red Globe’ grapes show that there was a significant negative correlation between them.(2)According to the monitoring of grapevines in glass greenhouse and shade greenhouse in three years,it shows that the chilling and heat requirement of each grape variety was widely distributed.The ’Autumn Black’ grape in the shade greenhouse has the highest chilling requirement and lowest heat requirement,three years of domestic average chilling requirement is 615 C·U(Utah model,the same below),heat requirement is 5806 GDH℃(Growing Degree Hours model,the same below),while the ’Crimson Seedless’ grape has the lowest chilling requirement and the highset heat requirement,three years of domestic average chilling requirement is 453 C-U,heat requirement is 6734 GDH℃.In the glass greenhouse,the ’White Stone’ grape has the lowest chilling requirement and highest heat requirement,three years of domestic average chilling requirement is 160 C·U,heat requirement is 10328 GDH℃.while the ’Thompson’ grape has the highest chilling reqirement of 529 C·U,and the ’Red Globe’ has the lowest heat requirement of 9168 GDH℃.The chilling requirement of each grape variety in the glass greenhouse is lower than that in the shade greenhouse,and the heat requirement is higher than that in the shade greenhouse.Utah model with 5.66%and 3.74%coefficient of variation in glass greenhouse and shade greenhouse is suitable for estimating the chilling requirement of facility grapes,and Growing Degree Hours model with 3.83%and 2.54%coefficient of variation in glass greenhouse and shade greenhouse is suitable for estimating the heat requirement of grapes under protected culture in Ningxia.In the same facility type,grape varieties with large chilling requirement need less heat requirement,and there was a certain negative correlation between chilling and heat requirement.The chilling and heat requirement is not necessarily related to its ripening period of grapes under protected culture.(3)For ’Red Globe’ grapes,the photoperiod of 14h/10h is the best,and the heat requirement under this condition is the lowest,which was 14560 GDH℃(Growing Degree hours model,the same below);For ’Christmas Rose’ and ’Crimson Seedless’ grapes.18h/6h photoperiod is the best and heat requirement is the least under this condition,which was 13867 GDH℃ and 13417 GDH℃;For’Beauty Finger’ grape,the photoperiod of 16h/8h is the best,and the heat requirement under this condition is the lowest,which was 14287 GDH℃.In the same photological cycle,’ Red Globe’ grape has the largest heat requirement,the second is ’Beauty Finger’,the third is‘Christmas Rose’ and’Crimson Seedless’ has the lowest heat requirement.Red and blue light,red light and white light can promote the germination of facility grapes in spring,reduce the heat requirement for grape germination,and advance grape leaf development.Red and blue light has the most obvious effect,which can delay grape germination.it is significantly increased the length and coarseness of new shoots in ’Red Globe’ grapes.The increase of length and coarseness of new shoots in red and white light was better than the control.Blue light reduced the coarseness of grape stems.When six kinds of heat requirement estimating models are used to estimate the heat requirement of ’Red Globe’ grapes,the Effective Accumulated Temperature model shows the characteristics of small span and low value,while the Growing Degree Hours model shows the characteristics of large span and high value.In conclusin.the time required for grape dormancy and germination in solar greenhouse cultivation in Ningxia region is relatively short,and the time required for grape dormancy and germination in shade greenhouse cultivation is relatively long.The ’Red Globe’ grape cultivar requires the highest chilling requirement in shade greenhouse,and the highest heat requirement in glass greenhouse.In this area,the Utah model is suitable for estimating the chilling requirement and the Growing Degree Hours model is suitable for estimating the heat requirement of grape varieties,and the relationship between the chilling and heat requirement is negative.The change of photoperiod or photoperiod energy affects the germination process and heat requirement of cultivated grapes in different degrees.The adaptability of different cultivars to photoperiod is different,and the selection of photoperiod of the same cultivar is also different.This study provided reference and theoretical basis for facility management and facility viticulture production during the dormant period to germination period of facility cultivated grapes in Ningxia. |
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