Change Regulation And Distribution Characteristics Of Water Footprint Of Maize Production In Liaoning Province

As the main food crop in China,corn is widely planted in Liaoning Province.From the perspective of corn production water footprint,it is of great significance to explore the efficiency of corn production water.The result can be the sustainable development of grain production and the high efficiency of agricultural water resources in Liaoning Pro vince.Use to provide the basis.Using CROPWAT8.0 the water footprint of corn production in Liaoning Province is quantified from 1992to 2015.The typical annual method is used to analyze the interannual variation characteristics and spatial distribution of corn production water footprint in Liaoning Province under different hydrological years.The centroids change rules of corn production water footprint and yields is analysised.The main influencing factors of corn production water footprint are also analyzed using path analysis and principal component analysis.The spatial clustering of corn production water footprint in Liaoning Province is carried out by using K-mean clustering,hierarchical clustering method and fuzzy C-means clustering methods.Different control strategies of corn production water footprint in various regions are proposed..The main conclusions are as follows:?1?There are significant difference in the water footprints of different hydrological year maize production.The low-value area of maize green water production water footprint is mainly concentrated in the northwestern part of Liaoning.The lowest in normal year is Fuxin(0.43 m³·kg^-1)and the highest is Chaoyang(0.81 m³·kg^-1).In the dry year,Huludao has the lowest(0.36 m³·kg^-1)value and Chaoyang(0.75 m³·kg^-1)has the highest value.The blue water footprints of various regions have not changed very sharply in the wet years.Yingkou has the highest value(0.25 m³·kg^-1),followed by Panjin(0.21 m³·kg^-1)and Huludao(0.12 m³·kg^-1),The rest of the region is lower but not much different.Compared with the wet year,the blue water footprints of all regions have risen.The dry year is lower than that of the flat water year,and most of the areas have declined?except for Shenyang,Fuxin and Tieling?;compared with the year of the flood season,all regions have increased?except for Panjin?.?2?The total annual corn water footprint of the province is 1.109m³·kg^-1,and the proportions ofgreen water,blue water and grey water footprint are 47.4%,19.4%and 33.2%respectively,what‘s more,green water,blue?except Jinzhou?water and grey water footprint showed a downward trend in most maize main producing area of Liaoning.Among them,the green water footprints of Shenyang and C haoyang showed a significant downward trend,which are 0.12m³·kg^-1·10a^-1 and 0.13m³·kg^-1·10a^-1 respectively.Under the hydrological year,the water footprint of corn production in Liaoning Province is dominated by green water,which plays an important role in grain production in Liaoning Province;the gray water accounts for the second.?3?The water footprint of the corn under different hydrological years,the yield of differentperiods and the centroid of the planting area have obvious migration rules.The corn blue water footprint has moved 27.90 km from the wet year to the normal year.From the normal year to the dry water,it migrated to the northeast 37.24 km.The green water footprint and the total water footprint have a similar migration trend.From the wet year to the normal year,they migrated to south to the west,from the normal year to the dry water,they migrated to northeast.During the period?1992-2003,2004-2015?,the centroid of corn yield per unit moved to the south and the centroid of planting area moved to the north by west.The centroid of the annual output moves to the west by south and the migration distance is 20.35km.?4?The water footprint of corn production is affected by meteorological,geographic factors,factors of production and irrigation levels.Precipitation and unit area yield are the main driving factors for the change of corn production water footprint.Rainfall is mainly due to the influence of humidity on changes in corn water footprint.Fertilizer factors,geographical factors,and planting structure factors mainly affect the corn water footprint through unit area yield.?5?Based on the corn production water footprint,Using K-means clustering,Hierarchical clustering method and Fuzzy C-means clustering.Liaoning is divided into the following five regions.Zone I:Green water satisfied-the comprehensive development zone?Anshan,Fushun,Benxi,Dandong?,Zone II:High production water footprint-the protection development zone?Dalian,Yingkou,Huludao,Panjin?,Zone III:Low production water footprint-key development zone?Shenyang,Tieling?,Zone IV:Blue water dependence-optimized development zone?Fuxin,Jinzhou,C haoyang?,Zone V:Higher production water footprint-moderate development zone?Liaoyang?.Each region should adopt different corn production development and agricultural water use strategies according to their respective characteristics.