Evaluation Of Wild Emmer Wheat From "Evolution Canyon" Microsite,Mt.Carmel,Israel

Wheat is an important food crop in the world.It was domesticated by the Neolithic humans to its wild ancestors 10,000 years ago.Wheat originated in the Near East "New Moon",which is currently in the territory of Israel and Turkey.Wild Emmer is a donor species of the common wheat A and B genomes,and contains many excellent genes that can be directly applied to wheat improvement,including genes that control disease,stress,quality,and multi-tiller,and improve common wheat.Excellent gene pool.The introduction of the superior gene of wheat wild relatives into wheat is an important basis for improving the level of wheat breeding.The “Evolution Canyon” in Mount Carmel,Israel,is rich in wild resources of wheat crops and is a natural laboratory for germplasm exploration and research on the evolution of species in the microenvironment.Although the north and south slopes of the canyon are only 200 meters apart,our group found that the wild squash populations on different slopes of the canyon have adapted to the powdery mildew resistance and drought stress respectively.In order to reveal its evolutionary mechanism,this study first used the high-throughput wheat 55 K SNP chip to analyze the population structure of the “Evolution Canyon” and 168 tetraploid wheat germplasms from Israel,Turkey,Syria,Lebanon and other countries.The only evolutionary source of the wild Emmer wheat population in the “Evolution Canyon” of Mount Meer was identified.On this basis,from the perspective of population genetics,the genetic evolution history,differentiation time,differentiation index,gene exchange,and selected genes of the wild evolutionary granules of Carmel Mountain were analyzed,further revealing Mount Carmel.The evolutionary mechanism in the "Evolution Canyon" material,the specific results are as follows:1)Using the high-throughput wheat 55 K SNP chip,population diversity analysis was carried out on 168 tetraploid wheat germplasms from the “Evolution Canyon” and Israel,Turkey,Syria,Lebanon and other countries.Phylogenetic tree,population structure and principal component analysis also showed that 38 wild Emmers derived from the “Evolution Canyon” were relatively independent in evolution compared to the other 130 tetraploid materials in the wheat origin center.In the special micro-environment of the canyon,the materials of the south and north slopes are clustered into different branches and have common ancestors.2)Whole-genome re-sequencing of wild Emmer-derived wheat from the “Evolution Canyon” and its population evolution analysis revealed that the “Evolution Canyon” material was the same population 10,000 years ago,and this population has been in the environment for nearly three thousand years.The number of effective groups of factors is gradually reduced,resulting in population bottleneck effects,which in turn leads to genetic drift and is accompanied by the founder effect,which is the main factor of group differentiation.3)In order to explore the causes of environmental adaptability after population differentiation,using the methods of whole genome selection and differential transcriptome analysis,the selected sites and genes in the evolution of wild Emmers in environmental adaptation were discovered and further passed.Functional enrichment analysis of candidate genes to obtain redox-related biological metabolic pathways such as oxidation-reduction proces,oxidoreductase activity,peroxidase activity.